# Visuomotor Control Accuracy of Circular Tracking Movement According to Visual Information in Virtual Space

## TL;DR

A VR system evaluated how visual cues affect movement accuracy in virtual environments, finding that visible cues improve control precision.

## Contribution

The study introduces a VR-based evaluation system for visuomotor control and identifies the impact of visual information on tracking accuracy.

## Key findings

- Control accuracy improved by 1.10–1.13 times when the stick was visible in specific planes.
- No significant accuracy differences were observed when the stick was consistently visible.
- Visible cues enhance reference frame construction and multisensory integration for better control.

## Abstract

The VR-based circular tracking movement evaluation system (CES) was developed to quantitatively assess visuomotor control. The virtual stick, a component of the CES, provides visual cues in the virtual environment and haptic feedback when holding the controller. This study examined the effects of stick presence and presentation order on control accuracy for distance, angle, and angular velocity. Twenty-seven participants (12 females; mean age 23.3 ± 2.3 years) performed tasks in the frontal plane followed by the sagittal plane. In each plane, the stick was visible for the first 1–3 revolutions and invisible for the subsequent 4–6 revolutions in the invisible condition, with the reverse order in the visible condition. In the invisible condition, control accuracy with the stick was 1.10 times higher for distance only in the sagittal plane, and 1.13 and 1.09 times higher for angle and angular velocity in the frontal plane, and 1.11 and 1.08 times higher in the sagittal plane. No significant differences were observed in the visible condition. The improved control accuracy when the stick was visible is likely due to enhanced precision in constructing the reference frame, internal models, body coordinates, and effective multisensory integration of visual and haptic information. Such visual information may enable fine control in virtual environment-based applications, including games and surgical simulations.