# Loss Separation Modeling and Optimization of Permalloy Sheets for Low-Noise Magnetic Shielding Devices

## TL;DR

This paper models and optimizes permalloy sheets to reduce magnetic noise in shielding devices used in high-precision quantum sensors.

## Contribution

A novel method combining Bertotti loss separation and PSO optimization is used to analyze and reduce magnetic noise in permalloy sheets.

## Key findings

- A finite element model of a single-sheet tester was optimized with a supporting connection plate to improve magnetization uniformity.
- An experimental platform was developed to measure hysteresis loops accurately under varying frequencies and field amplitudes.
- Bertotti loss separation with PSO optimization enabled precise calculation of hysteresis loss in permalloy sheets.

## Abstract

With the breakthroughs in quantum theory and the rapid advancement of quantum precision measurement sensor technologies, atomic magnetometers based on the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) mechanism have played an increasingly important role in ultra-weak biomagnetic field detection, inertial navigation, and fundamental physics research. To achieve high-precision measurements, SERF magnetometers must operate in an extremely weak magnetic field environment, while the detection of ultra-weak magnetic signals relies on a low-noise background. Therefore, accurate measurement, modeling, and analysis of magnetic noise in shielding materials are of critical importance. In this study, the magnetic noise of permalloy sheets was modeled, separated, and analyzed based on their measured magnetic properties, providing essential theoretical and experimental support for magnetic noise evaluation in shielding devices. First, a single-sheet tester (SST) was modeled via finite element analysis to investigate magnetization uniformity, and its structure was optimized by adding a supporting connection plate. Second, an experimental platform was established to verify magnetization uniformity and to perform accurate low-frequency measurements of hysteresis loops under different frequencies and field amplitudes while ensuring measurement precision. Finally, the Bertotti loss separation method combined with a PSO optimization algorithm was employed to accurately fit and analyze the three types of losses, thereby enabling precise separation and calculation of hysteresis loss. This provides essential theoretical foundations and primary data for magnetic noise evaluation in shielding devices.