# The Biologically Active Compounds in Fruits of Cultivated Varieties and Wild Species of Apples

## TL;DR

Wild apples contain significantly more health-promoting compounds than cultivated ones, offering greater health benefits at lower consumption levels.

## Contribution

The study identifies wild apple species as potential sources for enhancing the bioactive content of cultivated apples through breeding.

## Key findings

- Wild apples have higher concentrations of phenolic compounds and organic acids than cultivated varieties.
- Less than 50 g of wild apple provides physiologically relevant amounts of several polyphenols.
- Cultivated apples only meet effective intake levels for chlorogenic acid at average consumption.

## Abstract

Insufficient fruit intake is a major contributor to the development of non-communicable diseases, as the global average of daily fruit consumption remains far below the recommended levels. Apples are among the most widely consumed fruits worldwide, making them an ideal target for nutritional enhancement. Enhancing the content of health-promoting compounds within apples offers a practical way to increase bioactive intake without requiring major dietary changes. This review evaluates which of the 41 biologically active compounds considered in this article can reach physiologically relevant intake levels at the current average daily consumption of cultivated and wild apples. Comparative analysis shows that wild apples consistently contain higher concentrations of phenolic compounds and organic acids than cultivated varieties, in some cases by more than tenfold. At the average daily fruit intake of 121.8 g, wild species provide effective doses of epicatechins, anthocyanins, chlorogenic acid, and malic acid. In contrast, cultivated apples reach this level only for chlorogenic acid. Notably, less than 50 g of wild apple is sufficient to supply physiologically relevant amounts of several polyphenols. These findings highlight the potential of wild apple species as donors of bioactive compounds and provide a framework for breeding future apple cultivars that combine consumer appeal with enhanced health benefits.