# Optimizing the Y Content of Welding Wire for TIG Welding of Sand-Cast Mg-Y-RE-Zr Alloy

## TL;DR

This study shows that adjusting the Y content in welding wire improves the quality of welded magnesium alloy joints used in aerospace components.

## Contribution

A novel strategy of tailoring Y content in filler wires to suppress defects and enhance weld integrity in Mg-Y-RE-Zr alloys.

## Key findings

- Reducing Y content to 2 wt.% in filler wire (WE23) suppresses oxide inclusions and improves joint integrity.
- Joints welded with WE23 filler retain 93-98% of the mechanical properties of the base metal.
- Higher Y content leads to coarser grains and continuous eutectic networks, reducing mechanical performance.

## Abstract

The widespread application of WE43 (Mg-4Y-2Nd-1Gd-0.5Zr) alloy castings in aerospace components is hindered by the frequent formation of defects such as cracks, pores, and especially yttria inclusions. These defects necessitate subsequent welding. However, using homologous WE43 filler wires often exacerbates these issues, leading to high crack susceptibility and reintroduction of inclusions. Herein, we propose a novel strategy of tailoring Y content in filler wires to achieve high-quality welded joint of WE43 sand castings. Systematic investigations reveal that reducing Y content to 2 wt.% (WE23) effectively suppresses oxide inclusion formation and significantly enhances the integrity of the joint. The fusion zone microstructure evolves distinctly with varying Y levels: grain size initially increases, peaking at 24 μm with WE43 wire, then decreases with further Y addition. Moreover, eutectic compounds transition from a semi-continuous to a continuous network structure with increasing Y content, deteriorating mechanical performance. Notably, joints welded with WE23 filler exhibit minimal performance loss, with ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation reaching 93.0%, 98.0%, and 97.4% of the sand-cast base metal, respectively. The underlying strengthening mechanisms and solute-second phase relationships are elucidated, highlighting the efficacy of optimizing Y content in welding wire design. This study provides valuable insights toward defect-free welding of high-performance Mg-RE alloy castings.