# High-Titanium Slag Concrete with Multiscale Pores: Enhanced Explosive Stress Wave Dissipation for Underground Defense

## TL;DR

A new type of concrete with multiscale pores is developed to better absorb explosive stress waves while maintaining structural strength for underground defense.

## Contribution

Introduces high-titanium slag concrete with multiscale pores for enhanced stress wave dissipation without compromising structural integrity.

## Key findings

- Multiscale pores in HTS concrete effectively scatter and reflect stress waves, reducing energy propagation.
- HTS concrete maintains mechanical robustness similar to conventional concrete due to a dense interface transition zone.
- Wave attenuation is primarily driven by pore architecture rather than impedance mismatch.

## Abstract

Balancing stress wave attenuation with structural integrity is recognized as a critical challenge for protective materials in underground defense systems. A novel high-titanium slag (HTS) concrete featuring multiscale pores is proposed to address this dilemma. Large-particle porous HTS aggregates are embedded into cement mortar, enabling mechanical robustness comparable to conventional concrete alongside significant stress wave dissipation. Wave scattering and gas–solid interfacial reflections are induced by the multiscale pore architecture, effectively attenuating energy propagation. A dense interface transition zone between HTS aggregates and the cement mortar is confirmed through microscopic characterization, ensuring structural coherence. Wave attenuation is revealed by Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar tests to primarily originate from pore-driven reflections rather than impedance mismatch. A groundbreaking strategy is offered for designing blast-resistant materials that harmonize dynamic energy dissipation with structural durability, advancing the development of resilient underground infrastructure.