# Frictional Characteristics and Tribological Mechanisms of Ionic Liquid Lubricants in Ceramic Tribo-Systems

## TL;DR

This paper explores how ionic liquid lubricants reduce friction and wear in ceramic systems, showing promising results for practical engineering applications.

## Contribution

The study introduces novel proton-type ionic liquids with different polar groups and demonstrates their superior tribological performance on ceramic contacts.

## Key findings

- Friction coefficient is reduced by more than 80% using the designed ionic liquids.
- Tribochemical reactions and double electric layer formation are key lubrication mechanisms.
- Ionic liquids with phosphorus elements show high lubricity and anti-wear performance.

## Abstract

Due to their excellent mechanical stability, chemical stability, and environmentally friendly properties, ceramic materials have received extensive attention for years. Meanwhile, ionic liquids (ILs) have been found to effectively enhance tribological properties when applied as lubricants, which has become a distinctive example of their wide exploration. Here, three novel proton-type ionic liquids containing different polar groups were designed and synthesized as pure lubricants for use on different ceramic friction couples (silicon nitride–silicon nitride, silicon nitride–silicon carbide, and silicon nitride–zirconium oxide contacts), and their lubrication effect was evident. The results indicate that the adsorption behavior and frictional characteristics of different polar groups on a ceramic friction interface differ, largely depending on tribochemical reactions and the formation of a double electric layer on the interface between the ILs and ceramic substrates, without obvious corrosion during sliding. The friction coefficient is reduced by more than 80%, and this excellent anti-friction effect demonstrates that the constructed ionic liquid–ceramic interface tribological system shows good application potential. Based on the analyses of SEM, EDS, and XPS, the tribochemical reaction on the sliding asperity and the film-forming effect were identified as the dominant lubrication mechanisms. Here, the high lubricity and anti-wear performance of ILs containing phosphorus elements on different ceramic contacts is emphasized, enriching the promising application of high-performance ILs for macroscale, high-efficiency lubrication and low wear, which is of significance for engineering and practical applications.