# Serotonergic and Cholinergic Imbalance in the Offspring of Rats Exposed to Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S During Pregnancy and Lactation: Short- and Long-Term Effects

## TL;DR

Exposure to BPA and BPS during pregnancy and lactation disrupts cholinergic and serotonergic systems in rat offspring, leading to sex-dependent short- and long-term effects.

## Contribution

This study reveals sex- and compound-specific neurodevelopmental effects of BPA and BPS on neurotransmitter systems in offspring.

## Key findings

- BPA and BPS exposure disrupted cholinergic and serotonergic systems in rat offspring.
- Effects varied by sex, brain region, and time point, with BPA showing more pronounced changes.
- Both BPA and BPS are identified as neurotoxicants that may program later-life disorders.

## Abstract

Considering the increased risk of cognitive deficits and mood disorders programming associated with bisphenol exposure, we used a preclinical model to identify short- and long-term effects of early exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) and its replacement, Bisphenol S (BPS), on the central cholinergic and serotonergic systems. Wistar female and male rats born to dams exposed to BPA or BPS (both at 10 μg/kg/day or 50 μg/kg/day) during pregnancy and lactation were euthanized at weaning or adulthood. Cholinergic and serotonergic biomarkers were assessed in the frontal cortex and pons + medulla oblongata. BPA and BPS disrupted these systems, with outcomes depending on the specific bisphenol, biomarker, and time point. Effects also varied across brain regions and between sexes. The nicotinic cholinergic receptor showed more pronounced alterations than the presynaptic choline transporter. Both serotonergic receptors—5-HT1AR and 5-HT2R—were affected; however, the serotonergic transporter remained unchanged. Increased binding was the predominant effect for both systems. Maternal exposure to BPA, even at low doses, induces sex-dependent short- and long-term changes in the cholinergic and serotonergic systems of the progeny. BPS affects these same neurotransmitter systems, although leading to compound-specific outcomes. These results pose both BPA and BPS as neurotoxicants that compromise neurodevelopment and program disorders later in life.