# Diverse Members of the Phylum Armatimonadota Promote the Growth of Aquatic Plants, Duckweeds

## TL;DR

A new type of bacteria from the Armatimonadota phylum helps duckweeds grow faster, suggesting potential for improving plant biomass production.

## Contribution

This study identifies diverse Armatimonadota bacteria as novel plant growth-promoting bacteria for aquatic plants.

## Key findings

- Strain LA-C6 promotes duckweed growth by 1.8- to 4.0-fold in co-culture experiments.
- Three other Armatimonadota species also significantly enhance duckweed growth.
- Strain LA-C6 produces indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a known plant growth-promoting compound.

## Abstract

Duckweeds are small, fast-growing aquatic plants with high starch and protein content, making them promising candidates for next-generation plant biomass resources. Despite their importance, little is known about their interactions with microorganisms, particularly plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), which play key roles in enhancing plant productivity. In this study, we report the plant growth-promoting effects of strain LA-C6, a member of the phylum Armatimonadota, isolated from duckweed fronds. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, this strain represents a novel genus-level lineage, and is referred to as Fimbriimonadaceae bacterium strain LA-C6. In axenic co-culture experiments, strain LA-C6 promoted duckweed growth, increasing the frond proliferation of four duckweed species (Lemna minor, Lemna aequinoctialis, Spirodela polyrhiza, and Landoltia punctata) by 1.8- to 4.0-fold compared with uninoculated controls. Importantly, three other phylogenetically distinct Armatimonadota species also exhibited significant plant growth-promoting effects on L. minor, increasing frond number by up to 2.3-fold and dry weight by up to 2.4-fold. This finding highlights the broader potential of diverse Armatimonadota members as PGP bacteria. A survey of the IMNGS database showed that strain LA-C6 and other Armatimonadota species are widely distributed across diverse plant-associated environments. Biochemical assays and gene prediction analyses revealed that strain LA-C6 produces indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as a representative PGP trait, whereas no additional PGP-associated traits were detected. These results suggest that diverse bacterial lineages within the phylum Armatimonadota exert growth-promoting effects on aquatic plants, potentially through yet-to-be-identified mechanisms.