# Microvascular ALT-Flap Reconstruction for Distal Forearm and Hand Defects: Outcomes and Single-Case Application of a Bone-Anchored Venous Anastomosis

## TL;DR

This study shows that the microvascular ALT flap is a reliable option for reconstructing hand and forearm defects, with a novel bone-anchored technique helping in difficult cases.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel bone-anchored venous anastomosis technique for cases with absent recipient veins.

## Key findings

- All 12 flaps survived with successful integration and minor complications.
- Functional outcomes were very good in 10 out of 12 patients.
- The bone-anchored technique provided effective venous drainage in a salvage case.

## Abstract

Background: Reconstruction of distal forearm and hand soft tissue defects remains a complex surgical challenge due to the functional and aesthetic significance of the region. Several flap options have been established such as the posterior interosseous artery flap (PIA) or temporalis fascia flap (TFF), yet the anterolateral thigh flap (ALT) has gained increasing attention for its versatility and favorable risk profile. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 12 patients (7 males, 5 females; mean age 51.8 years) who underwent free microvascular ALT reconstruction for distal forearm and hand defects between May 2020 and May 2025. Etiologies included infection, chemical burns, explosion injuries, and traffic accidents. The mean defect size was 75.4 cm2, and the average operative time was 217 min. Secondary flap thinning was performed in eight cases. In one patient without available recipient veins, a pedicle vein was anastomosed using a coupler device anchored into a cortical window of the distal radius to establish venous outflow via the bone marrow. Results: All flaps demonstrated complete survival with successful integration. Minor complications included transient venous congestion in one case and superficial wound dehiscence in four cases. Functional outcomes were favorable, with postoperative hand function rated as very good in 10 of 12 patients at follow-up. The bone-anchored venous anastomosis provided effective venous drainage in the salvage case. Conclusions: The free microvascular ALT is a reliable and highly adaptable method for distal forearm and hand reconstruction. It provides excellent soft tissue coverage, allows for secondary contouring, and achieves both functional and aesthetic goals. Furthermore, intraosseous venous anastomosis using a coupler device might represent a novel adjunct that may expand reconstructive options in cases with absent or unusable recipient veins.