# Quality of Life and Functional Impairment After Surgical Treatment of Pilon Fractures—A Case–Control Study with SF-12, EQ-5D-5L and VAS

## TL;DR

This study finds that pilon fractures lead to worse physical quality of life and function compared to tibial shaft fractures, even after long-term follow-up.

## Contribution

The study compares quality of life and functional outcomes between pilon and tibial shaft fractures using validated patient-reported outcome measures.

## Key findings

- Pilon fracture patients had significantly lower physical quality of life scores than tibial shaft fracture patients.
- Pilon fractures showed reduced EQ-5D-5L scores and higher pain and functional limitations on VAS-FA.
- Rehabilitation duration improved outcomes in pilon fractures, while physiotherapy reduced pain in tibial shaft fractures.

## Abstract

Background: Pilon fractures are severe distal tibia injuries from high-energy trauma, often involving joint and soft tissue damage. Despite surgical advances, long-term outcomes remain poor. This study compared quality of life and functional limitations after surgical treatment of pilon versus tibial shaft fractures using validated PROMs. Methods: This case–control study was conducted at a Level I Trauma Center. Between 2016 and 2019, 84 patients with lower leg fractures were included: 38 pilon and 46 tibial shaft fractures. Inclusion criteria were AO type 42 or 43 fractures and follow-up of ≥24 months; exclusion criteria were polytrauma (ISS > 15), ASA ≥ 3, and incomplete consent. Outcomes were assessed with SF-12, EQ-5D-5L, and VAS-FA. Data were collected 36–48 months postoperatively. Analyses included t-tests, chi-square tests, linear regression. Results: Patients with pilon fractures had significantly poorer physical quality of life than tibial shaft fractures (SF-12 physical: 39 vs. 42, p < 0.05). Mental quality of life showed no significant difference. EQ-5D-5L scores were lower in the pilon group (70% vs. 79%). VAS-FA indicated higher pain and reduced function (total: 64 vs. 76, p = 0.009). Rehabilitation duration correlated with improved VAS outcomes in pilon fractures (p = 0.008), while physiotherapy reduced pain in tibial shaft fractures (p = 0.030). Conclusions: Pilon fractures substantially impair physical quality of life and long-term function, while mental well-being remains unaffected. PROMs provide insights beyond radiological findings and should be integrated into follow-up. Further multicenter studies are required to validate these results and optimize rehabilitation strategies.