# Optimal AGC regulators for power systems under restructured configuration with hybrid ESS

## TL;DR

This paper proposes a new control method using a hybrid energy storage system to improve power system reliability and frequency response in restructured electricity markets.

## Contribution

A novel CSOA-based hybrid ESS control technique combining FOPID and polar fuzzy controllers for restructured power systems is introduced.

## Key findings

- The proposed controller improves frequency responses by 15.59% and 21.83% for Area-1 and Area-2, respectively.
- It enhances tie-line power variation response under contract violation by 27.16%.
- The control scheme outperforms existing methods with the lowest cost function and reliable performance under varying loads.

## Abstract

Several new rivals are entering the market as a result of the global restructuring of the electric power sector, which is also intensifying competition among existing market players. Better services, greater choices, and less expensive power are all intended to benefit consumers. For such systems to be more reliable, new control techniques with hybrid ESS are crucial. The CSOA-based hybrid ESS for a restructured T-G-S power system combines a polar fuzzy controller (PFC) with an FOPID controller. Testing is done on this controller’s resilience with CTD, random load demand, and parameter uncertainty. Additionally, a reconstructed N-G-S system is used to assess the viability of the suggested controller. A CSOA-based combined FOPID controller and polar fuzzy controller using hybrid ESS can improve frequency responses for Area-1 and Area-2 by 15.59% and 21.83%, respectively, and enhance the response of power variation of the tie-line under contract violation by 27.16% when compared to the CSOA: PIIʎDDµ controller. The effectiveness of a CSOA-based combination (1 + FOID) controller and a polar fuzzy controller for a restructured T-H-G power system is demonstrated in another study. Other controllers, including GA: 1 + PFC, SOA: FOPID, SOA: PID, GA: PID, and OARs, are used to verify its performance. These controllers include a variety of linkages, including a control variable ∆Pdc with the turbine’s controller. The proposed control scheme has the lowest cost function among various control strategies and has been shown to outperform several existing control methods. Moreover, it offers incredibly dependable performance under different load conditions.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-19710-3.