# Phosphorylation of biowaste materials for effective removal of organic dye pollutants from aqueous solution; batch and dynamic investigation

## TL;DR

This paper explores using phosphorylated waste tissue to effectively remove organic dyes from water, offering a low-cost and eco-friendly solution.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel, low-cost adsorbent made from phosphorylated waste tissue for efficient dye removal in both batch and dynamic systems.

## Key findings

- Phosphorylated waste tissue (P@WT) showed maximum adsorption capacities of 445.5 mg/g for methyl green and 493.65 mg/g for neutral red in batch systems.
- The adsorbent reached equilibrium within 3 hours for both dyes and performed well under dynamic flow conditions.
- The P@WT composite demonstrated reusability and effectiveness in binary dye adsorption.

## Abstract

In this work, the adsorption processes of methyl green (MG-dye) and neutral red (NR-dye) onto phosphorylated waste tissue (P@WT) composite was studied using both equilibrium batch experiments and dynamic flow conditions. Waste tissue (WT) is considered a zero-value, cellulose-rich material, which helps reduce both the cost of the prepared adsorbent and the overall cost of the adsorption process. WT was collected, cut into small pieces, and phosphorylated using urea and sodium phosphate to prepare a low-cost and easily synthesized P@WT composite adsorbent material suitable for practical applications. The prepared materials (WT and P@WT) were characterized using SEM, FTIR, and TGA and investigated as ecofriendly adsorbents to adsorb MG-dye NR-dye from aqueous solutions. The investigated adsorption processes were carried out as a function of different factors, such as adsorbent dose, initial dye concentrations, pH, contact time, Ionic strength, and temperature. The experimental results revealed that the sorption processes obeyed the Langmuir isothermal and pseudo-second-order models. The experimental results were promising at the optimum conditions, wherein the maximum adsorption capacities for batch system process were 445.5, 493.65 mgg− 1 for MG-dye and NR-dye; and were 4.54.5, 478.4 mgg− 1 for MG-dye and NR-dye for dynamic system process, respectively. Moreover, the adsorbent present suitable kinetics where the equilibrium quickly (3.0 h. for both dyes). The prepared P@WT composite demonstrated high adsorption efficiency and excellent performance in both batch and dynamic systems. Its reusability and effectiveness in binary adsorption further highlight its promising potential. Therefore, this eco-friendly and effective adsorbent can be utilized in wastewater treatment as a potential novel, eco-friendly, low-cost, and effective.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-18581-y.