# High-efficiency multilayer grating for enhanced tender x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new multilayer grating that improves X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy efficiency in the tender X-ray range.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is the development of ML laminar gratings optimized for high efficiency in tender X-ray spectroscopy under specific environmental conditions.

## Key findings

- MLLGs demonstrated ~22× higher intensity in flux and XPS, improving signal-to-noise ratio.
- MLLGs outperformed traditional designs with better spectral resolution and measurement capability at varying Cff values.
- Incorporating nitrogen during deposition further enhanced flux transmission.

## Abstract

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful tool for probing the chemical and electronic states of materials with elemental specificity and surface sensitivity. However, its application in the tender X-ray range (1–5 keV) for synchrotron radiation has remained limited due to the limited choice of optics capable of maintaining high reflectivity and efficiency in this energy window. To address this, multilayer (ML) grating structures have become increasingly popular, offering significantly higher efficiency than SL coatings in the tender X-ray region. This paper presents the development of ML laminar gratings optimised for enhancing efficiency in the tender X-ray range, and capable of retaining performance under intense X-ray exposure in the oxygen partial pressure of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{-8}$$\end{document} mbar. The ML coating quality was verified through X-ray reflectivity (XRR), XPS and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structures (NEXAFS) measurements, while the performance of the grating was validated through beamline flux transmission and XPS measurements. The MLLG demonstrated \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\times$$\end{document} higher intensity in flux and XPS, significantly improving the signal-to-noise ratio. Most importantly, the MLLGs outperformed traditional designs by offering improved spectral resolution while maintaining measurement capability at varying \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$C_{ff}$$\end{document} values without compromising the intensity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the incorporation of nitrogen during deposition further enhances flux transmission.