# Information dynamics and the emergence of high-order individuality in ecosystems

## TL;DR

The paper explores how groups of species can act as a unit in ecosystems, showing that higher-order organization emerges under certain mutation rates.

## Contribution

The study provides quantitative evidence for the emergence of higher-order structures in evolutionary systems using information-theoretic analysis.

## Key findings

- Evolutionary dynamics can lead to clusters of species acting as self-perpetuating groups with greater information-theoretic agency.
- Higher mutation rates near the error threshold break down higher-order structures, shifting information processing to individual species.
- Above the error threshold, ecosystems lose stable populations and all individuality.

## Abstract

At what level does natural selection occur? When considering the reproductive dynamics of interacting and mutating agents, it has long been debated whether selection is better understood by focusing on the individual or if hierarchical selection emerges as a consequence of joint adaptation. Despite longstanding efforts in theoretical ecology, there is still no consensus on this fundamental issue, most likely due to the difficulty in obtaining adequate data spanning a sufficient number of generations and the lack of adequate tools to quantify the effect of hierarchical selection. Here, we capitalise on recent advances in information-theoretic data analysis to advance this state of affairs by investigating the emergence of high-order structures- such as groups of species- in the collective dynamics of the Tangled Nature model of evolutionary ecology. Our results show that evolutionary dynamics can lead to clusters of species that act as a self-perpetuating group that exhibits greater information-theoretic agency than a single species for a broad range of stable mutation rates. However, this higher-order organization breaks down for mutation rates close to the error threshold, where increased information processing is observed at the level of a single species. For mutation rates higher than the error threshold, no stable population of species are observed in time, and all individuality is lost in the ecosystem. Overall, our findings provide quantitative evidence supporting the emergence of higher-order structures in evolutionary ecology from relatively simple processes of adaptation and reproduction.

Quantifying information-theoretic individuality as persistence of information in time reveals the emergence of higher-order organization in evolutionary systems, where groups of species exhibit enhanced collective persistence.