# Convenient colorimetric approach to quantify CuO NPs in water using only a smartphone and cellulose paper with an immobilised chemosensor

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a smartphone-based, low-cost method to detect copper oxide nanoparticles in water using a chemosensor on cellulose paper.

## Contribution

The novel method uses digital image colorimetry with a smartphone and immobilized chemosensor for sensitive CuO NP detection.

## Key findings

- The method achieved a detection limit of 10.5 µg L−1 for CuO NPs.
- The approach showed high accuracy with 99 ± 1% analytical recovery.
- The chemosensor was selective for CuO NPs in the presence of other metals and nanomaterials.

## Abstract

A novel approach is reported to quantify CuO NPs in aqueous samples by using digital image colorimetry (DIC), which is a rapid, low-cost, and facile method. We have used a colour recogniser application on a smartphone to register the gradual colour changes experimented, under λex = 365 nm radiation, by a dansyl-based chemosensor immobilised on cellulose paper, after interacting with aqueous dispersions of CuO NPs with concentrations between 5 and 100 µg L−1. The low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) (10.5 and 34.9 µg L−1, respectively) show a relevant sensitivity for this simple method, which also displays a good precision and accuracy (analytical recovery, 99 ± 1%). A comparison of the results similarly obtained for the modified paper through diffuse reflectance (DR) revealed worse detection parameters (LOD = 100.0 µg L−1 and LOQ = 333.4 µg L−1). In addition, fluorescence spectroscopy (λem = 520 nm) demonstrated the ability of the free chemosensor (1.26 µg L−1 in 20:80 (v/v) water–ethanol solutions) for the quantification of CuO NPs (LOD = 30 µg L−1 and LOQ = 101 µg L−1), without improvement of the results obtained with DIC on the modified papers. The dissolved free chemosensor demonstrated selectivity towards CuO NPs in the presence both of metal ions common in aqueous samples as K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, or Al3+ and of other usual nanomaterials as those of Cu, CdSe, TiO2, and ZnO NPs.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00604-025-07439-9.