# Dhdds T206A and Dhdds K42E knock-in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa 59 are phenotypically similar

## TL;DR

This study shows that two DHDDS gene variants in mice cause similar retinal degeneration, suggesting a shared disease mechanism in retinitis pigmentosa 59.

## Contribution

Generated and compared T206A and K42E Dhdds mouse models to reveal similar retinal phenotypes and a shared pathobiological mechanism.

## Key findings

- T206A and K42E Dhdds mutations in mice cause retinal cell loss and reduced inner nuclear layer thickness.
- ERG results show reduced b-waves and attenuated c- and d-waves in all mutant phenotypes.
- The findings suggest defective synaptic transmission and bipolar/amacrine cell degeneration in RP59.

## Abstract

Dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase complex subunit (DHDDS) is required for protein glycosylation in eukaryotes, and variants. Surprisingly, three variant alleles (K42E/K42E, T206A/K42E and R98W/K42E) have been reported to cause retinitis pigmentosa 59 (RP59). Because T206A only has been reported to occur heterozygously with K42E, we generated homozygous and hererozygous mutants – i.e. T206A/T206A and T206A/K42E, respectively – in mice to assess the effect of the T206A allele. By postnatal age of 12 month (PN 12-mo), T206A/T206A and T206A/K42E mice exhibited reduction of inner nuclear layer thickness as observed in K42E/K42E mice. Electroretinography (ERG) revealed a reduction in b-waves, but spared reduction in a-wave amplitudes. By PN 3-mo, ERG c- and d-waves were significantly attenuated in all phenotypes. Consistent with a reduction in inner nuclear layer thickness as seen by using optical coherence tomography (OCT), cell loss observed by histology, as well as bipolar and amacrine cell densities were reduced in all Dhdds mutant phenotypes compared to those of PN 8-12 mo age-matched controls. These results indicated that the DHDDS T206A allele, like the K42E allele, causes retinal disease, probably through a common pathobiological mechanism. We propose that the physiological basis of retinal dysfunction in RP59 involves defective photoreceptor to bipolar cell synaptic transmission with concomitant bipolar/amacrine cell degeneration.

Summary: DHDDS in humans encodes a protein required for a fundamental biological modification of protein that is required for viability, yet certain DHDDS gene variants only lead to visual dysfunction. We have generated mouse models of these gene variants to determine the mechanistic basis of the selective ocular disease.