# Conformal On-Body Antenna System Integrated with Deep Learning for Non-Invasive Breast Cancer Detection

## TL;DR

This paper presents a non-invasive breast cancer detection system combining a specialized antenna design with deep learning to accurately estimate tumor characteristics.

## Contribution

The novel ABFS deep learning model dynamically identifies optimal frequency sub-bands for tumor parameter estimation.

## Key findings

- The arc-shaped antenna array improves tumor detection sensitivity in near-field coupling.
- The ABFS model outperforms conventional attention mechanisms in prediction accuracy and interpretability.
- Simulation studies show high estimation accuracy and computational efficiency for tumor localization and size estimation.

## Abstract

Breast cancer detection through non-invasive and accurate techniques remains a critical challenge in medical diagnostics. This study introduces a deep learning-based framework that leverages a microwave radar system equipped with an arc-shaped array of six antennas to estimate key tumor parameters, including position, size, and depth. This research begins with the evolutionary design of an ultra-wideband octagram ring patch antenna optimized for enhanced tumor detection sensitivity in directional near-field coupling scenarios. The antenna is fabricated and experimentally evaluated, with its performance validated through S-parameter measurements, far-field radiation characterization, and efficiency analysis to ensure effective signal propagation and interaction with breast tissue. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) distributions within breast tissues are comprehensively assessed, and power adjustment strategies are implemented to comply with electromagnetic exposure safety limits. The dataset for the deep learning model comprises simulated self and mutual S-parameters capturing tumor-induced variations over a broad frequency spectrum. A core innovation of this work is the development of the Attention-Based Feature Separation (ABFS) model, which dynamically identifies optimal frequency sub-bands and disentangles discriminative features tailored to each tumor parameter. A multi-branch neural network processes these features to achieve precise tumor localization and size estimation. Compared to conventional attention mechanisms, the proposed ABFS architecture demonstrates superior prediction accuracy and interpretability. The proposed approach achieves high estimation accuracy and computational efficiency in simulation studies, underscoring the promise of integrating deep learning with conformal microwave imaging for safe, effective, and non-invasive breast cancer detection.