# Thermal History-Dependent Deformation of Polycarbonate: Experimental and Modeling Insights

## TL;DR

This study explores how the thermal history during manufacturing affects the deformation of polycarbonate, combining experiments and modeling to improve predictions of its mechanical behavior.

## Contribution

A new constitutive model incorporating thermal history effects during formation is developed for accurate prediction of polycarbonate deformation.

## Key findings

- Annealing conditions significantly influence the mechanical response of injection-molded polycarbonate.
- The new model accurately captures elastic behavior, yield phenomena, and strain-softening/hardening stages.
- Experimental and simulation results show excellent agreement across various strain rates and temperatures.

## Abstract

The deformation behavior of polymers is influenced not only by service conditions such as temperature and the strain rate but also significantly by the formation process. However, existing simulation frameworks typically treat injection molding and the in-service mechanical response separately, making it difficult to capture the impact of the thermal history on large deformation behavior. In this study, the deformation behavior of injection-molded polycarbonate (PC) was investigated by accounting for its thermal history during formation, achieved through combined experimental characterization and constitutive modeling. PC specimens were prepared via injection molding followed by annealing at different molding/annealing temperatures and durations. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted using a Zwick universal testing machine at strain rates of 10−3–10−1 s−1 and temperatures ranging from 293 K to 353 K to obtain stress–strain curves. The effects of the strain rate, testing temperature, and annealing conditions were thoroughly examined. Building upon a previously proposed phenomenological model, a new constitutive framework incorporating thermal history effects during formation was developed to characterize the large deformation behavior of PC. This model was implemented in ABAQUS/Explicit using a user-defined material subroutine. Predicted stress–strain curves exhibit excellent agreement with the experimental data, accurately reproducing elastic behavior, yield phenomena, and strain-softening and strain-hardening stages.