# Flexural Testing of Steel-, GFRP-, BFRP-, and Hybrid Reinforced Beams

## TL;DR

This study compares the bending performance of concrete beams reinforced with steel, GFRP, BFRP, and hybrid systems, finding that hybrid systems offer better strength and flexibility.

## Contribution

The novelty lies in evaluating hybrid reinforcement systems combining GFRP/BFRP with steel for improved structural performance in concrete beams.

## Key findings

- GFRP and BFRP beams showed 8% and 12% higher ultimate load capacity than steel beams.
- Hybrid systems improved load capacity by 7% to 17% and reduced deflection by 11% to 58%.
- BFRP beams failed due to debonding and concrete crushing, while GFRP beams failed due to bar rupture.

## Abstract

The construction industry is exploring alternatives to traditional steel reinforcement in concrete due to steel’s corrosion vulnerability. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP), known for their high tensile strength and corrosion resistance, are viable options. This study evaluates the flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP, BFRP, and hybrid systems combining these materials with steel, following ACI 440.1R-15 guidelines. Twelve beams were assessed under three-point bending to compare their flexural strength, ductility, and failure modes against steel reinforcement. The results indicate that GFRP and BFRP beams achieve 8% and 12% higher ultimate load capacities but 38% and 58% lower deflections at failure than steel, respectively. Hybrid reinforcements enhance both load capacity and deflection performance (7% to 17% higher load with 11% to 58% lower deflection). However, GFRP and BFRP beams show reduced energy absorption, suggesting that hybrid systems could better support critical applications like seismic and impact-prone structures by improving ductility and load handling. In addition, BFRP beams predominantly failed due to debonding and concrete crushing, while GFRP beams failed due to bar rupture, reflecting key differences in their flexural failure mechanisms.