# Neighbor Relatedness Contributes to Improvement in Grain Yields in Rice Cultivar Mixtures

## TL;DR

Closely related rice cultivars grown together improve grain yields by optimizing plant growth and enhancing soil microbes.

## Contribution

This study shows that neighbor relatedness in rice mixtures boosts yield through root-shoot optimization and microbial changes.

## Key findings

- Closely related rice mixtures increased grain yield compared to monoculture and distantly related mixtures.
- Yield benefits depend on soil volume and nitrogen levels, with effects weakening under larger soil or nitrogen deficiency.
- Neighbor relatedness enhanced rhizosphere microbial richness and community restructuring.

## Abstract

The improvement in yield in cultivar mixtures has been well established. Despite increasing knowledge of the improvement involving within-species diversification and resource use efficiency, little is known about the benefits arising from relatedness-mediated intraspecific interactions in cultivar mixtures. This study used a relatedness gradient of rice cultivars to test whether neighbor relatedness contributes to improvements in grain yields in cultivar mixtures. We experimentally demonstrated the grain yield of rice cultivar mixtures with varying genetic relatedness under both field and controlled conditions. As a result, a closely related cultivar mixture had increased grain yield compared to monoculture and distantly related mixtures by optimizing the root-to-shoot ratio and accelerating flowering. The benefits over monoculture were most pronounced when compared to the significant yield reductions observed in distantly related mixtures. The relatedness-mediated improvement in yields depended on soil volume and nitrogen use level, with effects attenuating under larger soil volumes or nitrogen deficiency. Furthermore, neighbor relatedness enhanced the richness and diversity of both bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil, leading to a significant restructuring of the microbial community composition. These findings suggest that neighbor relatedness may improve the grain yield of rice cultivar mixtures. Beneficial plant–plant interactions may be generated by manipulating cultivar kinship within a crop species. A thorough understanding of kinship strategies in cultivar mixtures offers promising prospects for increasing crop production.