# The Impact of Colony Deployment Timing on Tetragonula carbonaria Crop Fidelity and Resource Use in Macadamia Orchards

## TL;DR

This study explores how the timing of deploying Tetragonula carbonaria bee colonies affects their focus on macadamia crops and resource use in orchards.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into how deployment timing influences crop fidelity in a non-Apis pollinator species.

## Key findings

- Early and later introduced colonies showed higher initial macadamia pollen collection compared to permanent colonies.
- Pollen diversity increased over time in all colonies, linked to increased pollen forager activity.
- Stingless bees initially prioritize mass-flowering crops but reduce fidelity as the season progresses.

## Abstract

Crop fidelity is a desirable trait for managed pollinators and is influenced by factors like competing forage sources and colony knowledge of the surrounding environment. In European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), colonies deployed when the crop is flowering display the highest fidelity. We tested for a similar outcome using a stingless bee species that is being increasingly used as a managed pollinator in Australian macadamia orchards. We observed Tetragonula carbonaria (Smith) colonies deployed in macadamia orchards at three time points: (1) before crop flowering (“permanent”), (2) early flowering (“early”), and (3) later in the flowering period (“later”). We captured returning pollen foragers weekly and estimated crop fidelity from the proportion of macadamia pollen they collected, using light microscopy. Pollen foraging activity was also assessed via weekly hive entrance filming. The early and later introduced colonies initially exhibited high fidelity, collecting more macadamia pollen than the permanent colonies. In most cases, the permanent colonies were already collecting diverse pollen species from the local environment and took longer to shift over to macadamia. Pollen diversity increased over time in all colonies, which was associated with an increase in the proportion of pollen foragers. Our results indicate that stingless bees can initially prioritize a mass-flowering crop, even when flowering levels are low, but that they subsequently reduce fidelity over time. Our findings will inform pollinator management strategies to help growers maximize returns from pollinator-dependent crops like macadamia.