# Optimizing Graphene Ring Modulators: A Comparative Study of Straight, Bent, and Racetrack Geometries

## TL;DR

This paper compares different graphene ring modulator designs to improve optical interconnects by enabling larger coupling gaps and high performance.

## Contribution

The study introduces a racetrack geometry that allows critical coupling at larger gaps while maintaining high modulation efficiency.

## Key findings

- Racetrack geometry achieves critical coupling at up to 300 nm gaps with 6–12% graphene coverage.
- Extinction ratios of 28 dB and electrical bandwidths near 90 GHz are demonstrated.
- The co-design framework supports scalable integration for next-generation photonic devices.

## Abstract

Graphene-based micro-ring modulators are promising candidates for next-generation optical interconnects, offering compact footprints, broadband operation, and CMOS compatibility. However, most demonstrations to date have relied on conventional straight bus coupling geometries, which limit design flexibility and require extremely small coupling gaps to reach critical coupling. This work presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of straight, bent, and racetrack bus geometries in graphene-on-silicon nitride (Si3N4) micro-ring modulators operating near 1.31 µm. Based on finite-difference time-domain simulation results, a proposed racetrack-based modulator structure demonstrates that extending the coupling region enables critical coupling at larger gaps—up to 300 nm—while preserving high modulation efficiency. With only 6–12% graphene coverage, this geometry achieves extinction ratios of up to 28 dB and supports electrical bandwidths approaching 90 GHz. Findings from this work highlight a new co-design framework for coupling geometry and graphene coverage, offering a pathway to high-speed and high-modulation-depth graphene photonic modulators suitable for scalable integration in next-generation photonic interconnects devices.