# Diet to Data: Validation of a Bias-Mitigating Nutritional Screener Using Assembly Theory

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new dietary assessment tool called GARD that uses Assembly Theory to reduce bias and improve accuracy in measuring food and eating behaviors.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is the application of Assembly Theory to create a bias-mitigating nutritional screener for dietary assessment.

## Key findings

- GARD showed high inter-rater agreement using Assembly Index and Copy Number thresholds.
- High-complexity diets correlated positively (rho = 0.533–0.565), while opposing constructs showed moderate negative correlations.
- GARD scores aligned with known diet patterns like Mediterranean and Standard American Diet.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Traditional dietary screeners face significant limitations: they rely on subjective self-reporting, average intake estimates, and are influenced by a participant’s awareness of being observed—each of which can distort results. These factors reduce both accuracy and reproducibility. The Guide Against Age-Related Disease (GARD) addresses these issues by applying Assembly Theory to objectively quantify food and food behavior (FFB) complexity. This study aims to validate the GARD as a structured, bias-resistant tool for dietary assessment in clinical and research settings. Methods: The GARD survey was administered in an internal medicine clinic within a suburban hospital system in the southeastern U.S. The tool assessed six daily eating windows, scoring high-complexity FFBs (e.g., fresh plants, social eating, fasting) as +1 and low-complexity FFBs (e.g., ultra-processed foods, refined ingredients, distracted eating) as –1. To minimize bias, patients were unaware of scoring criteria and reported only what they ate the previous day, avoiding broad averages. A computer algorithm then scored responses based on complexity, independent of dietary guidelines. Internal (face, convergent, and discriminant) validity was assessed using Spearman rho correlations. Results: Face validation showed high inter-rater agreement using predefined Assembly Index (Ai) and Copy Number (Ni) thresholds. Positive correlations were found between high-complexity diets and behaviors (rho = 0.533–0.565, p < 0.001), while opposing constructs showed moderate negative correlations (rho = –0.363 to −0.425, p < 0.05). GARD scores aligned with established diet patterns: Mediterranean diets averaged +22; Standard American Diet averaged −10.