# Modification Effects and Mechanism of Cement Paste Wrapping on Sulfate-Containing Recycled Aggregate

## TL;DR

This study examines how cement paste wrapping improves the quality of sulfate-containing recycled aggregates used in construction.

## Contribution

The study evaluates the effectiveness of cement paste wrapping with varying water–binder ratios and fly ash addition on sulfate-containing recycled aggregates.

## Key findings

- A 0.6 water–binder ratio improved SRA performance, while a 1.0 ratio had negative effects.
- Adding 15% fly ash to the wrapping paste enhanced the modification effect.
- SEM analysis showed a new dense interface formed in modified aggregates.

## Abstract

The utilization of recycled concrete aggregate presents an effective solution for construction waste mitigation. However, concrete service in sulfate environments leads to sulfate ion retention in recycled aggregates, substantially impairing their quality and requiring modification approaches. A critical question remains whether traditional recycled aggregate modification techniques can effectively enhance the performance of these sulfate-containing recycled aggregates (SRA). Cement paste wrapping in various proportions was used in this investigation to enhance SRA. The performance of both SRA and modified aggregates was systematically assessed through measurements of apparent density, water absorption, crushing value, and microhardness. Microstructural analysis of the cement wrapping modification mechanism was conducted by scanning electron microscopy coupled with mercury intrusion porosimetry. Results revealed that internal sulfate addition decreased the crushing value and increased the water absorption of recycled aggregates, primarily due to micro-cracks formed by expansion. Additionally, the pores were occupied by erosion products, leading to a slight increase in the apparent density of aggregates. The performance of SRA was effectively enhanced by cement paste wrapping at a 0.6 water–binder ratio, whereas it was negatively impacted by a ratio of 1.0. The modifying effect became even more effective when 15% fly ash was added to the wrapping paste. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that the interface of SRA was predominantly composed of gypsum crystals. Cement paste wrapping greatly enhanced the original interface structure, despite a new dense interface formed in the modified aggregates.