# Epigenetic Alterations in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Mechanisms and Implications

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how epigenetic changes may contribute to age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss in the elderly.

## Contribution

The paper highlights novel epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, in AMD pathogenesis.

## Key findings

- Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation of genes such as SIRT1, GSTM, and SKI are linked to AMD.
- Histone modifications and lncRNA status are emerging as key regulators in AMD development.
- Pre-clinical studies suggest epigenetics could offer future therapeutic strategies for AMD.

## Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of irreversible vision loss among the elderly, and is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. While genetic associations in AMD are well-established, the molecular mechanisms underlying disease onset and progression remain poorly understood. A growing body of evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications may serve as a potential missing link regulating gene–environment interactions. This review incorporates recent findings on DNA methylation, including both hypermethylation and hypomethylation patterns affecting genes such as silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), glutathione S-transferase isoform (GSTM), and SKI proto-oncogene (SKI), which may influence key pathophysiological drivers of AMD. We also examine histone modification patterns, chromatin accessibility, the status of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in AMD pathogenesis and in regulating pathways pertinent to the pathophysiology of the disease. While the field of ocular epigenetics remains in its infancy, accumulating evidence to date points to a burgeoning role for epigenetic regulation in AMD, pre-clinical studies have yielded promising findings for the prospect of epigenetics as a future therapeutic avenue.