# Microscopy Study of (Ti,Nb)(C,N) Precipitation in Microalloyed Steels Under Continuous Casting Conditions

## TL;DR

This study uses microscopy to observe how (Ti,Nb)(C,N) precipitates form in microalloyed steels during continuous casting, revealing how surface features correlate with internal nano-precipitates.

## Contribution

A novel approach combining HTCLSM and thermodynamic modeling is used to indirectly characterize nanoscale precipitates in steel during casting.

## Key findings

- Surface reliefs observed during cooling correlate with internal (Ti,Nb)(C,N) precipitation.
- Precipitation behavior varies with casting speed, steel composition, and location within the slab.
- Precipitate diameters measured via TEM are mostly under 4 nm, with some between 4 and 8 nm.

## Abstract

The continuous casting of Ti-Nb microalloyed steel was simulated with high temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy (HTCLSM). Evolution of the sample surface morphology was observed in-situ, during cooling conditions chosen to represent different locations in a cast slab. Calculations with a thermodynamics model of carbonitride precipitate formation agreed with the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis that fine reliefs observed on the sample surface were actually caused by interior precipitation of (Ti,Nb)(C,N). Precipitation and the resulting reliefs changed with location beneath the slab surface, simulated casting speed, and steel composition. With the same casting speed and steel composition, reliefs in the simulated slab surface sample appeared earlier and were larger than in the slab center. With increased casting speed, reliefs were observed later and decreased in size. With increased titanium or niobium content, reliefs appeared earlier and increased in number. TEM measurement showed that the precipitate diameters were mainly smaller than 4 nm, with a few between 4 and 8 nm. The property of surface reliefs observed via HTCLSM correlated qualitatively with the number and size of internal precipitates measured with TEM, showing this to be an effective tool for indirectly characterizing nanoscale secondary phase precipitation inside the sample.