# Enhanced HoVerNet Optimization for Precise Nuclei Segmentation in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

## TL;DR

This paper improves HoVerNet for precise nuclei segmentation in DLBCL, a common lymphoma, using deep learning and a user-friendly tool to aid diagnosis.

## Contribution

The study optimizes HoVerNet for CMYC-stained images and integrates it into a GUI for real-time diagnostic support in DLBCL.

## Key findings

- HoVerNet achieved 82.5% validation accuracy with strong precision and recall in nuclei segmentation.
- The GUI enhanced efficiency and usability for DLBCL histopathological analysis.
- The model effectively managed overlapping and complex nuclei morphology.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and demands precise segmentation and classification of nuclei for effective diagnosis and disease severity assessment. This study aims to evaluate the performance of HoVerNet, a deep learning model, for nuclei segmentation and classification in CMYC-stained whole slide images and to assess its integration into a user-friendly diagnostic tool. Methods: A dataset of 122 CMYC-stained whole slide images (WSIs) was used. Pre-processing steps, including stain normalization and patch extraction, were applied to improve input consistency. HoVerNet, a multi-branch neural network, was used for both nuclei segmentation and classification, particularly focusing on its ability to manage overlapping nuclei and complex morphological variations. Model performance was validated using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. Additionally, a graphic user interface (GUI) was developed to incorporate automated segmentation, cell counting, and severity assessment functionalities. Results: HoVerNet achieved a validation accuracy of 82.5%, with a precision of 85.3%, recall of 82.6%, and an F1 score of 83.9%. The model showed powerful performance in differentiating overlapping and morphologically complex nuclei. The developed GUI enabled real-time visualization and diagnostic support, enhancing the efficiency and usability of DLBCL histopathological analysis. Conclusions: HoVerNet, combined with an integrated GUI, presents a promising approach for streamlining DLBCL diagnostics through accurate segmentation and real-time visualization. Future work will focus on incorporating Vision Transformers and additional staining protocols to improve generalizability and clinical utility.