# Non‐Volant Mammalian Diversity, Occurrence, and Ecological Patterns in a Tropical Montane Forest in Sarawak, Borneo

## TL;DR

This study explores the diversity and activity patterns of non-flying mammals in a high-altitude forest in Borneo using camera traps.

## Contribution

The study provides baseline data on spatial and temporal patterns of non-volant mammals in a tropical montane forest.

## Key findings

- 35 mammal species were detected across 6 orders and 15 families.
- Mousedeer were found to be mostly nocturnal, differing from previous studies.
- Spatial partitioning was observed between two muntjac species.

## Abstract

Mammalian species are key in maintaining a healthy ecosystem. The tropical rainforest in Borneo is characterized by its rich biodiversity and rugged interior, which houses various forest types from the lowland dipterocarp forest to the montane and ericaceous forests above 1500 m. Using the data obtained from 81 camera trap stations set up from April 2023 to September 2024, we investigated the diversity of mammalian species across the spatial and temporal dimensions. We detected 35 species of mammals from 6 orders and 15 families, excluding the Muridae and Sciuridae species. We highlight significant differences between mean species richness among tropic guilds across elevational classes. From the results of Bayesian single‐season occupancy analysis, the pig‐tailed macaque
Macaca nemestrina
has the highest occupancy rate of 0.79 (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.68, 0.89), followed by the red muntjac
Muntiacus muntjak
, 0.71 (95% CrI 0.59, 0.83). Temporally, all the individual species' activity patterns followed the previous studies, except for the mousedeer Tragulus spp., which are found to be mostly nocturnal. We also report evidence of differences in elevational distribution among some species within the community. In conclusion, our results offer baseline knowledge on the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of non‐volant mammals in a high‐altitude protected area.

We investigated the diversity and activity patterns of mammals in a high‐altitude protected area in Borneo using data from 81 camera trap stations set up between April 2023 and September 2024. A total of 35 species were detected, with notable findings including a difference in mean species richness between trophic guilds, nocturnal behavior in mousedeer, and spatial partitioning between two muntjac species. These results provide important baseline knowledge on the spatial and temporal dynamics of non‐volant mammals in this rugged tropical landscape.