# Three-dimensional morphologies, substructures, and crystallography of pearlite in carbon steel

## TL;DR

This study uses advanced imaging techniques to reveal the 3D structure and element distribution in pearlite in carbon steel, offering new insights into its formation.

## Contribution

The paper provides a detailed 3D analysis of pearlite substructures and element distribution using FIB-SEM and TEM techniques.

## Key findings

- Cementite lamellae in pearlite are not fully continuous and show aligned long axis directions.
- Element distribution in cementite is inhomogeneous, with Mn and Cr enriched and C depleted at interfaces.
- Low-angle boundaries form within colonies, with slight changes in ferrite-cementite orientation relationships.

## Abstract

The present study examined the morphology, substructure, crystallography, and element distribution of as-transformed (air-cooled) pearlite in medium-carbon steel using focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy serial sectioning and advanced transmission electron microscopy analysis. The three-dimensional analysis revealed that the cementite did not exhibit a fully continuous lamellar structure, and the long axis direction of non-continuous region was nearly identical within each cementite lamella and among the adjacent cementite lamellae. The measured macroscopic interfacial plane orientation ranged from (0 1 0)θ to (1‾
2 0)θ and (2‾
1‾ 5)α to (1‾
1‾ 1)α. The growth directions of cementite lamellae tended to align with the invariant line between cementite and ferrite, as well as the parallel direction in the Pitsch-Petch relationship. Even within a single colony, the orientations of both the ferrite and cementite regions changed discontinuously, forming low-angle boundaries, some of which exhibited a staircase-like shape. The orientation relationship between ferrite and cementite changed slightly at the low-angle boundary within a colony. This indicates that when the accumulated misfit strain exceeds a certain value, the parallel direction relationship changes to accommodate the accumulated strain while maintaining a nearly identical orientation relationship. The concentration inside cementite lamella was not completely homogeneous; manganese and chromium were enriched, while carbon was depleted, at the lamellar interface. We surmised that the inhomogeneous element distribution in cementite lamella could be attributed to the incomplete partitioning behavior of alloying elements at transformation, as well as their segregation at the lamellar interface, aiming to reduce interfacial energy.

The present paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the formation mechanism of pearlite structures in steel by employing state-of-the-art techniques, including FIB-SEM serial sectioning and advanced TEM analysis, notably ACOM-TEM.