# Transcranial Brain Stimulation for Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Neuromodulation and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how non-invasive brain stimulation techniques like TES and TMS may help treat neurodevelopmental disorders by modulating neural circuits.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of TES and TMS mechanisms and applications for neurodevelopmental disorders.

## Key findings

- Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques show potential in improving cognitive and behavioral outcomes in neurodevelopmental disorders.
- TES and TMS offer distinct ways to modulate neural activity, with TES altering cortical excitability and TMS inducing direct neuronal firing.
- The review highlights the therapeutic potential of TES and TMS in addressing treatment gaps in conventional therapies for NDDs.

## Abstract

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are characterized by cognitive, behavioral,
and emotional challenges that significantly impact quality of life. Despite
advances in pharmacological and behavioral interventions, many individuals
exhibit partial or limited responses, highlighting the need for innovative
therapeutic strategies. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques,
particularly transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) and transcranial magnetic
stimulation (TMS), have emerged as promising approaches to modulate neural
circuits underlying these conditions. Beyond neural modulation, these techniques
offer potential clinical benefits, such as improving cognitive and behavioral
outcomes in individuals with NDDs, thereby addressing treatment gaps in
conventional therapies. While TES primarily alters cortical excitability through
electric fields, TMS induces direct neuronal firing via magnetic fields,
allowing distinct applications tailored to specific conditions.This review
examines the mechanisms, applications, and limitations of TES, such as
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current
stimulation (tACS), and TMS, including repetitive TMS (rTMS) and theta-burst
stimulation.