# Examining the influence of musical sophistication, cognitive performance, and social skills on the Brain Age Gap Estimate (BrainAGE)

## TL;DR

This study investigates how cognitive ability, musical sophistication, and social skills affect brain age estimates in 81 healthy individuals using MRI and cognitive assessments.

## Contribution

The study is novel in examining the combined influence of musical sophistication and social skills on brain age estimates alongside cognitive performance.

## Key findings

- No significant influence of cognitive ability on BrainAGE was found.
- Musical sophistication and social skills did not significantly affect BrainAGE.
- The results suggest complex interactions between cognitive and social factors in brain aging.

## Abstract

Brain age, an estimate of biological brain aging derived from neuroimaging, has been linked to cognitive and related factors. Metrics such as the Brain Age Gap Estimate (BrainAGE), depicting the discrepancy between predicted and chronological age, are commonly used to determine the influence of variables on brain aging. This study explored how cognitive ability, musical sophistication, and social skills contribute to BrainAGE in a sample of 81 healthy participants who underwent high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and completed cognitive, musical, and social assessments. Following statistical analyses to fit the model, structural equation modelling was used to examine the influence of cognitive ability, assessed using the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System, California Verbal Learning Test, and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; musical sophistication, measured by the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index; and social skills, evaluated using the Social Skills Inventory, on BrainAGE. Our findings demonstrated no significant influence of cognitive ability, musical expertise, or social skills on BrainAGE. These findings highlight the complexity of cognitive and social influences on brain age and underscore the need for further research into their interactive effects on neurobiological aging.