# Development of a Sham Smartphone App for Opioid Use Disorder: Acceptability and Suitability Study

## TL;DR

This study developed and tested a sham smartphone app for opioid use disorder to serve as a control in clinical trials, finding it suitable and acceptable to users.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is the development and validation of a sham app as a control for evaluating prescription digital therapeutics for opioid use disorder.

## Key findings

- The sham app was perceived as an active intervention by 95% of participants.
- No significant clinical improvements in depression or quality of life were observed after using the sham app.
- Participants showed high satisfaction with the app and met engagement goals.

## Abstract

Despite having evidence-based medication for opioid use disorder (OUD), dropout is one of the most common issues noted with this treatment. Prescription digital therapeutics, which are app-based interventions prescribed by a health care professional, have the potential to increase adherence to medication for OUD and retention while overcoming treatment barriers, including provider capacity and patient access. Using a sham app as a control condition for a randomized clinical trial is an innovative method to establish the true efficacy of these apps.

This study included the development and testing of a sham smartphone app for OUD.

After the sham app was developed, participants were enrolled in a 4-week trial examining the use and suitability of the sham app as a control condition. Criteria for determining suitability included (1) participants believing the sham app is an active intervention and (2) participants experiencing no clinical improvements in depression severity or quality of life after using the sham app. Self-reported depression severity and quality of life were captured before and after using the sham app. A user satisfaction survey and semistructured interviews were conducted at the end of the study. Quantitative analyses included paired 2-tailed t tests. The semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 of the 21 participants, and these interviews were analyzed using rapid qualitative analysis.

Overall, 21 participants (meanage 42.0, SD 6.4 years; female: n=9, 43% and male: n=12, 57%) were enrolled. The average number of app log-ins was 17.8 (SD 10.6; range 1-41). There were 2 participants who only logged in 1 time, and 15 (71%) participants completed the goal of logging in an average of 3 times per week. No significant differences were found in depression severity (P=.50) or quality of life (quality of life: P=.42, physical health: P=.58, psychological health: P=.07, environmental health: P=.44, and social relationships: P=.86) after using the sham app. Of the 20 participants who completed the semistructured interview, 19 (95%) believed that they were using an active intervention. The user satisfaction survey revealed high overall satisfaction with the sham app with a score of 91%. Qualitative analyses revealed several recurring themes, including perceived value and impact, potential for behavior change, use patterns and engagement, perspective and usability, and perceptions of authenticity.

Our sham app met our a priori criteria for suitability as a sham app. No clinical improvements from baseline were observed at the end of the study period, and all but 1 participant believed that they were using an active intervention. Demonstrating that this sham app is suitable as a control condition elevates the rigor of randomized clinical trials and ensures the efficacy of prescription digital therapeutics.