# Immunosuppression variably impacts outcomes for patients hospitalized with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study

## TL;DR

This study finds that patients with weakened immune systems have worse outcomes when hospitalized with COVID-19, especially those with organ transplants or low CD4 counts.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific subgroups of immunosuppressed patients with the worst outcomes during hospitalization for COVID-19.

## Key findings

- Patients with immunosuppression had higher mortality, ICU admission, and ventilation needs compared to those without immunosuppression.
- Subgroups like solid organ transplant recipients had the worst outcomes, while HIV patients with low CD4 counts also fared poorly.
- Hospital and ICU stays were longer for immunosuppressed patients.

## Abstract

Adults with immunosuppression are more likely to develop severe COVID-19 than adults without immunosuppression. Less is known about differences in outcomes for adults with immunosuppression who are hospitalized with COVID-19.

A retrospective cohort study of adults hospitalized with COVID-19 at Northwestern Medicine hospitals between 03/01/2020 and 05/31/2022 was performed. Regression analyses were performed comparing in-hospital mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, oxygenation requirements, and hospital/ICU length of stay among patients without immunosuppression (n = 9079) and patients with immunosuppression (n = 873).

Patients with immunosuppression had significantly higher mortality than patients without immunosuppression (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.11–1.60). This effect was even stronger when controlling for age at admission, diabetes, obesity, SARS-CoV-2 variant era, and COVID-19 medication use (adjusted OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.46–2.16). ICU admission (adjusted OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.41–1.90) and invasive ventilation (adjusted OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.36–2.06) were also significantly higher in patients with immunosuppression. Hospitalization length (median: 7 days) and ICU length of stay (median: 2.5 days) were longer in patients with immunosuppression compared to patients without immunosuppression (median: 5 days, adjusted p < 0.001; median: 2 days, adjusted p = 0.04). Subgroup analyses showed that patients with solid organ transplant, HIV with low CD4 cell count, and secondary immunodeficiency had significantly higher adjusted mortality and ICU admission compared to patients without immunosuppression. Patients with solid organ transplant also had significantly higher invasive ventilation and ICU length of stay.

Patients with immunosuppression had worse outcomes than patients without immunosuppression. Subgroup analyses showed that patients with solid organ transplant had the worst outcomes overall. Patients with HIV had similar outcomes as patients without immunosuppression unless CD4 cell count was low.