# The Temporal Trends and Attributed Risk Burden of Kidney Cancer, Bladder Cancer, and Prostate Cancer in China From 1990 to 2021

## TL;DR

This study examines the trends and risk factors for kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers in China from 1990 to 2021, highlighting the growing burden and key risk contributors.

## Contribution

The study provides updated data on cancer trends and attributed risk factors in China, focusing on kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers.

## Key findings

- Bladder cancer had the highest incidence, mortality, and DALYs in 2021, while prostate cancer had the highest prevalence.
- Prostate cancer showed the largest growth in incidence and prevalence rates, while bladder cancer saw a significant decrease in DALYs.
- Smoking, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose consistently contributed to the risk burden of these cancers in China.

## Abstract

Background: To analyze the temporal trends in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of kidney, bladder and prostate cancers, and to quantify the attributed risk burden in China from 1990 to 2021.

Methods: The number and age-adjusted rate of incidence (age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR)), prevalence (age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR)), mortality (age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR)) and DALYs (age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR)) for kidney, bladder and prostate cancers were presented in 2021 along with the change of age-standardized rates (ASRs) in China and globally by age and sex. The average annual percent change (AAPC) was shown and calculated by the Joinpoint regression program. The number of DALYs and ASDR for the three cancers attributed to smoking, high body mass index (BMI), high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) and occupational exposure to trichloroethylene were presented from 1990 to 2021 by China.

Results: In 2021, bladder cancer had the highest cases of incidence (1.06×105, 95%UI: 0.83-1.37), mortality (0.45×105, 95%UI: 0.36-0.57) and DALYs (9.30×105, 95%UI: 7.35-11.85), while prostate cancer had the highest prevalence (6.28×105, 95%UI: 4.51-8.53). The largest growth in age-adjusted rate of incidence (ASIR) and prevalence (ASPR) was in prostate cancer, while the largest decrease in DALYs (ASDR) was in bladder cancer. The three cancers mainly occurred in men and elderly over 55 years old. The AAPC of ASIR and ASPR increased for the kidney (1.98, P<0.0001, 2.95, P<0.0001), bladder (0.3, P=0.038, 1.64, P<0.0001) and prostate cancers (2.4, P<0.0001, 3.97, P<0.0001); whilst the AAPC for ASMR and ASDR was insignificant. Finally, the risk burden of smoking, high BMI and HFPG consistently maintained a high level in China from 1990 to 2021.

Conclusion: This study describes the latest status and up-to-date burden of kidney, bladder and prostate cancers in China from 1990 to 2021, offering a comprehensive perspective on the policy making and intervention of these cancers.