# One Health implications and first evidence of environmental contamination of helminths in soil from goat farms in Ratchaburi, Thailand

## TL;DR

This study shows that soil from goat farms in Thailand is contaminated with helminths that can infect both humans and animals, highlighting the need for a One Health approach to control these parasites.

## Contribution

The study provides first evidence of environmental contamination by zoonotic helminths in soil from goat farms in Thailand using both morphological and molecular methods.

## Key findings

- 80% of farms tested positive for helminths using morphological methods, and 86% using molecular methods.
- 60% of farms were contaminated with helminths that can infect humans or livestock, including eight species identified.
- 50% of farms were contaminated with either Haemonchus contortus or Trichostrongylus colubriformis.

## Abstract

Zoonotic helminths are responsible for the majority of helminthic infections occurring in humans globally. Environmental systems serve as a reservoir for zoonotic helminths, facilitating their transmission to humans and animals. Livestock farms may serve as hotspots for zoonotic transmission, increasing infection risk. Focusing on goat farms in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand, we aim to detect and identify zoonotic helminths present in the soil environment through morphological and molecular techniques. Soil samples (n = 270) were collected from 30 goat farms in Ratchaburi Province, and helminths were morphologically identified using a modified sedimentation and flotation method. Helminths were then molecularly identified using the nuclear 18S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 region. The helminths identified include human, livestock-parasitic nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, plant-parasitic nematodes, insect-parasitic nematodes, and free-living nematodes. Morphological and molecular detection show that 80% and 86% of the farms were positive for helminths, respectively. From 30 farms, 60% were positive for livestock- or human-parasitic helminths, with eight species detected. Moreover, 50% of farms were positive for either Haemonchus contortus or Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Utilizing soil as a non-invasive method for the detection and identification of helminths contaminated in the soil, this study demonstrated the presence of human- and animal-parasitic helminths with the soil matrix serving as a shared environment and reservoir for zoonotic transmission of helminthic infection, further emphasizing the importance of the One Health approach towards mitigating parasitic disease transmission. The findings showed significant implications for the incorporation of soil-based methods into sustainable helminth infection control programs.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00436-025-08541-w.