# Integrated radiomics and deep learning model for identifying medullary sponge kidney stones

## TL;DR

This study creates a model combining radiomics and deep learning to accurately distinguish medullary sponge kidney stones from other kidney stones using CT scans.

## Contribution

The novel integration of radiomics and deep learning features improves diagnostic accuracy for medullary sponge kidney stones.

## Key findings

- The DLR model achieved an AUC of 0.96 for distinguishing MSK stones in both training and test cohorts.
- The Combined model, integrating clinical variables with DLR features, reached an AUC of 0.98 in training and 0.95 in testing.
- Calibration curves and NRI/IDI analyses confirmed the superior performance of the DLR and Combined models.

## Abstract

Medullary sponge kidney (MSK) is a rare congenital anomaly frequently associated with nephrolithiasis. Accurate preoperative differentiation between MSK stones and non-MSK multiple kidney stones remains challenging, yet it is essential for effective clinical decision-making. This study aims to develop a novel diagnostic model that integrates radiomics and deep learning features to improve the differentiation of MSK stones using CT imaging.

This single-center, retrospective study included patients who underwent surgical treatment for multiple kidney stones at Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital between 2021 and 2023. All MSK and non-MSK cases were confirmed via endoscopic surgery. Radiomics features were extracted from manually delineated regions of interest (ROI) on nephrographic-phase CT images, while deep learning features were derived from a ResNet101-based model. Three diagnostic signatures—Radiomics (Rad), Deep Transfer Learning (DTL), and Deep Learning Radiomics (DLR)—were developed. A Combined model was constructed by integrating clinical variables with DLR features to further enhance diagnostic accuracy. Model performance was evaluated using AUC, calibration curves, Net Reclassification Index (NRI), and Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI) analyses. Additionally, Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) visualization was employed to identify imaging regions critical to classification, improving interpretability.

A total of 73 patients with multiple kidney stones were analyzed, comprising 34 MSK cases and 39 non-MSK cases, encompassing 110 kidneys in total. The DLR signature demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, with AUCs of 0.96 in both the training and test cohorts. The Combined model further enhanced diagnostic performance, achieving AUCs of 0.98 in the training cohort and 0.95 in the test cohort. Calibration curves indicated strong agreement between predicted probabilities and observed outcomes. Furthermore, NRI and IDI analyses highlighted the superior predictive power of both the DLR and Combined models compared to other approaches.

This study introduces an innovative approach for MSK stone diagnosis by integrating radiomics and deep learning features. The proposed model offers high diagnostic accuracy and promising clinical utility.