# “Praying in or preying on my skin”: a narrative study of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals’ experiences with religion and gender identity in India

## TL;DR

This paper explores how transgender and gender non-conforming individuals in India navigate religion and gender identity, highlighting their spiritual resilience and reinterpretation of faith.

## Contribution

The study introduces a narrative analysis of queer spirituality in Indian religious contexts, emphasizing personal agency and counter-theology.

## Key findings

- Participants experienced spiritual exclusion and internalized fear due to religious indoctrination.
- Queer individuals reinterpreted scriptures and formed communities to reclaim sacred identity.
- The narratives challenge gender binaries in Indian religious discourse.

## Abstract

This narrative analysis paper explores how gender non-conforming individuals interact with faith across Indian religious traditions. Drawing upon four in-depth semi-structured interviews with the participants: Participant A, a trans Muslim man; Participant B, a transgender Hindu woman; Participant C, a gender-fluid Catholic; and Participant D, a non-binary Protestant, this study employs an inductive narrative analysis to help trace how queerness and spirituality are shaped by the structures of religious indoctrination, gendered discipline, and theological exclusion. The participants recount experiences of conversion therapy, spiritual correction, and ostracization from ritual space, with many describing an internalized fear of God’s punishment. Most poignantly, the themes of “God’s silence,” “Spiritual exile,” and “Reclamation of Sacred Identity” take shape from the narratives and speak to the theological and emotional labor of reconciling the expression of gender identity and shaping faith. All four subjects show significant personal spiritual agency, despite institutional failures, which they functionally demonstrate through their own reinterpretations of scriptures, personal ritual practices, and organized queer faith communities. These narratives also push back against the gender binaries associated with a narrow set of constructs in Indian religious discourse, and offer a counter-theology that’s based on embodiment, defiance, and reinterpretation. Additionally, this study shows the ongoing need to construct religious belonging beyond cisnormative practices, and places queer spirituality as a reality, instead of reality-anomaly.