# Ex Vivo Cytokine Profiling of Cryptococcus neoformans Strains Suggests Strain-Specific Immune Modulation: A Cross-Sectional Study

## TL;DR

This study shows that different strains of Cryptococcus neoformans trigger distinct immune responses, which could help explain differences in disease outcomes.

## Contribution

The study reveals strain-specific immune modulation by C. neoformans through ex vivo cytokine profiling.

## Key findings

- H99 strain induced higher levels of multiple cytokines compared to UgCl377.
- UgCl377 elicited a dampened immune response, suggesting strain-specific immune modulation.
- Genetic differences between strains correlate with distinct cytokine profiles.

## Abstract

Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) remains a major cause of mortality among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The interplay between fungal genotype and host immune response is critical in determining disease outcome. We conducted ex vivo cytokine profiling using peripheral blood from HIV-positive and HIV-negative adults stimulated with heat-inactivated whole-cell antigens from two Cryptococcus neoformans strains: the reference strain H99 and the genetically distinct UgCl377 clinical strain. These strains differ at multiple loci, including the CNAG_04922 gene. Luminex-based quantification revealed that H99 induced significantly higher levels of CD40-ligand, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, and IL-33. These cytokines reflect pro-inflammatory, Th2, and regulatory responses, suggesting robust immune activation. In contrast, the UgCl377 strain elicited a dampened cytokine profile. While this study does not isolate the effect of CNAG_04922 alone, it demonstrates that whole-cell antigens from genetically distinct strains of C. neoformans elicit differential cytokine responses. These findings provide a foundation for future mechanistic studies using purified proteins or isogenic strains.