# Adult Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome as a Diagnostic Challenge

## TL;DR

This paper presents a challenging case of adult hemolytic uremic syndrome in India, highlighting the difficulty in diagnosis due to limited testing and overlapping symptoms.

## Contribution

The paper contributes a detailed case report of adult HUS in a resource-limited setting, emphasizing diagnostic challenges and management strategies.

## Key findings

- The patient exhibited typical HUS features but also had elevated direct bilirubin and pulmonary edema, complicating the diagnosis.
- Supportive care and treatment for pseudo-TMA led to hemoglobin improvement and renal recovery.
- The case underscores the need for clinical vigilance and systematic evaluation in diagnosing adult HUS in low-resource settings.

## Abstract

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare but serious condition in adults, typically characterized by a triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA), thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury (AKI). While most commonly associated with pediatric populations and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), adult-onset cases remain underrecognized, especially in resource-limited settings like India.

We report the case of a 35-year-old male patient who presented with a low-grade fever, bloody diarrhea, jaundice, and dark brown-colored urine. Laboratory evaluation revealed MAHA (hemoglobin: 9.8 g/dL, schistocytes >2%, elevated lactate dehydrogenase), and thrombocytopenia (platelet count 45,400/mm³), and acute kidney injury (AKI) (serum creatinine: 0.45 mg/dL initially, with transient rise). Notably, direct bilirubin was disproportionately elevated (6.5 mg/dL), raising suspicion of hepatic involvement. Blood cultures grew Escherichia coli (E. coli), though stool cultures were negative. Peripheral smear, elevated reticulocyte count, and absence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) supported the diagnosis of typical HUS. ADAMTS13 levels, complement assays, and stool Shiga toxin testing were unavailable. The patient also had severe vitamin B12 deficiency, raising consideration of pseudo-thrombotic microangiopathy (pseudo-TMA), which was concurrently treated. He later developed non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, managed with corticosteroids and supportive therapy. He was discharged on hematinics, and follow-up at two months revealed hemoglobin improvement to 10.2 g/dL and full renal recovery. This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in adult HUS, especially with overlapping features of pseudo-TMA and potential infectious triggers. The absence of definitive diagnostic modalities like ADAMTS13 testing necessitated reliance on clinical scoring, peripheral smear, and exclusion of mimickers. The elevated direct bilirubin and rare pulmonary involvement broadened the clinical complexity. Early recognition and supportive care led to favorable outcomes. Yet the inability to completely exclude atypical causes such as Streptococcus pneumoniae-associated HUS (Sp-HUS) and B12 deficiency imposes a clinical challenge. Adult HUS remains a diagnostic challenge due to its rarity, atypical presentations, and limited access to confirmatory testing in many settings. This case emphasizes the need for systematic evaluation, awareness of differential diagnoses like pseudo-TMA and Sp-HUS, and timely supportive management. It also contributes to the growing literature on adult HUS in India, underscoring the importance of clinical vigilance in atypical hemolytic syndromes.