# Comparative genomics uncovers organellar genome structural divergence in Caryophyllales and reveals widespread non-coding transcription in Bougainvillea glabra organellar

## TL;DR

This study explores the organellar genomes of Bougainvillea glabra and other plants in the Caryophyllales order, revealing structural differences and transcription patterns in non-coding regions.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into organellar genome structure and transcriptional activity in Bougainvillea glabra and related species.

## Key findings

- B. glabra's mitogenome consists of three circular chromosomes totaling 322.7 kb, while its plastome is a 154.7 kb circular molecule.
- Non-coding regions of organellar genomes show widespread transcriptional activity, though novel transcripts have lower activity and editing proportions.
- Mitogenomes in Caryophyllales evolve 6.1 times faster than plastomes, with distinct substitution rate patterns in protein-coding genes.

## Abstract

Plant organellar genomes play a crucial role in metabolism and adaptation. In this study, the organellar genomes and transcriptome of Bougainvillea glabra (Nyctaginaceae) were sequenced and assembled using PacBio sequencing and strand-specific RNA sequencing, respectively. Structural and evolutionary comparisons of the plastidial and mitochondrial genomes (plastome and mitogenome) were conducted among Bougainvillea and five other taxa within Caryophyllales to elucidate the similarities and divergences between these two organellar genomes at a detailed level. The plastome of B. glabra was assembled into a 154.7 kb circular molecule with a typical quadripartite structure, while the mitogenome was assembled into three stable circular molecules measuring 160.7 kb, 97.6 kb, and 64.3 kb, respectively. Reconstruction of the organellar transcripts revealed extensive transcriptional activity in the non-coding regions of the organellar genomes. However, the transcriptional activity and editing proportions of novel transcripts identified in these regions were significantly lower compared to those of conserved organellar transcripts. A tenfold difference in the number of RNA editing sites was observed between plastidial and mitochondrial transcripts (43 vs. 453), with the majority (70%) of these sites located at nonsilent sites within coding regions, exhibiting high editing efficiency (> 70%). The turnover rate of Caryophyllales mitogenomes was found to be, on average, 6.1 times faster than that of plastomes. In contrast, the nucleotide substitution rate in protein-coding genes was significantly higher in plastomes than in mitogenomes. Moreover, nonsilent nucleotide substitutions in genes encoding components of the electron transfer chain were more constrained compared to those in ribosomal protein-coding genes in both plastidial and mitochondrial genomes of Caryophyllales. Together, these findings provide vital genetic resources that enhance our understanding of the dynamic evolution and phylogenetic relationships within Bougainvillea and the broader Caryophyllales order.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-025-11891-5.

The Bougainvillea glabra mitogenome comprises three circular chromosomes with lengths of 160.7 kb, 97.6 kb, and 54.3 kb, resulting in a total genome size of 322.7 kb. The plastome was assembled as a 154.7 kb circular molecule with a typical quadripartite structure.

Analysis of organellar transcripts revealed widespread transcriptional activity in non-coding regions; however, the transcriptional activity and editing proportion of novel transcripts in these regions were significantly lower than those of conserved organellar transcripts.

A tenfold difference in the number of RNA editing sites was observed between plastidial and mitochondrial transcripts (43 vs. 453), with the majority (70%) of these sites located at nonsilent sites in coding regions, typically exhibiting high editing efficiency (> 70%).

The turnover rate of Caryophyllales mitogenomes was found to be, on average, 6.1 times higher than that of plastomes. In contrast, the nucleotide substitution rate in protein-coding genes was significantly higher in plastomes compared to mitogenomes. Furthermore, nonsilent nucleotide substitutions in genes encoding components of the electron transport chain were more constrained than those in ribosomal protein-coding genes in both plastidial and mitochondrial genomes of Caryophyllales.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-025-11891-5.