# Non-contrast enhanced functional lung MRI in children: systematic review

## TL;DR

This paper reviews non-contrast enhanced MRI techniques for assessing lung function in children, highlighting their potential for clinical use without radiation or special equipment.

## Contribution

A systematic review of innovative NCE-MRI techniques (MP, PREFUL, SENCEFUL, FD) for pediatric lung imaging and their clinical validation.

## Key findings

- NCE-MRI techniques have been validated in observational studies for various pediatric lung diseases.
- Later studies focus more on clinical applications than initial implementation.
- Heterogeneous protocols limit direct comparison between NCE-MRI techniques.

## Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lung is well suited for repeated measurements especially in children due to the absence of ionizing radiation. Furthermore, non-contrast-enhanced (NCE) functional MRI techniques provide localized functional information on ventilation and perfusion without specialized set-ups (e.g., hyperpolarized gases) using standard clinical MRI systems. Current NCE-MRI techniques in the pediatric setting are matrix-pencil decomposition (MP)-MRI, phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL)-MRI, self-gated non-contrast-enhanced functional lung (SENCEFUL)-MRI and Fourier decomposition (FD)-MRI. In this article, we comprehensively discuss these innovative techniques.

We review relevant functional NCE-MRI techniques based on a systematic literature research in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov and ICTRP. Core concepts were: 1. Aspects regarding lungs 2. MP-, PREFUL-, SENCEFUL and FD-MRI, and 3. children. Consecutively, we included 30 reports.

Functional NCE-MRI in the pediatric setting has been successfully validated and used in observational studies covering a great variety of lung diseases. In contrast to initial implementation studies additionally reporting on clinical findings, later studies focus primarily on clinical topics. Heterogeneous study designs and examination protocols hamper the direct comparability between the different NCE-MRI techniques in terms of their performance against current functional imaging standards or specific objectives.

Their easy applicability makes NCE-MRI techniques highly attractive for widespread clinical use. Following successful implementation studies, still varying test protocols and approaches for calculating outcome values must next be compared and standardized.