# Innovations in Parkinson’s Disease: Strategies and Novel Technologies

**Authors:** Rehan Sha, Matheus A Dabus, Diego R Torres-Russotto, Nila Bhakuni, Guilherme C Dabus

PMC · DOI: 10.7759/cureus.87309 · Cureus · 2025-07-05

## TL;DR

This paper reviews the challenges of Parkinson’s disease and explores current and emerging technologies to improve diagnosis, treatment, and patient quality of life.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of novel technologies and their potential impact on Parkinson’s disease research and treatment.

## Key findings

- Current technologies are being applied to address various aspects of Parkinson’s disease.
- Emerging innovations show promise for improving early diagnosis and treatment strategies.
- Technological advancements may significantly influence future Parkinson’s research and patient care.

## Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, with its incidence expected to increase significantly in the next few years. Due to its unique pathophysiology and clinical features, the path to early diagnosis and treatment is challenging. Therefore, finding solutions that can address the disease process from every angle, whether improving patients’ quality of life or developing new methods for earlier diagnosis and treatment, is important. In this article, we review the pathophysiology of PD and examine the current and new technologies, how they are currently being applied, and the potential impact of their development on the future of Parkinson’s research and treatment.

## Linked entities

- **Diseases:** Parkinson’s disease (MONDO:0005180)

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** DDC (dopa decarboxylase) [NCBI Gene 1644] {aka AADC}, SNCA (synuclein alpha) [NCBI Gene 6622] {aka NACP, PARK1, PARK4, PD1}, PINK1 (PTEN induced kinase 1) [NCBI Gene 65018] {aka BRPK, PARK6}, PRKN (parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase) [NCBI Gene 5071] {aka AR-JP, LPRS2, PARK2, PDJ}, LRRK2 (leucine rich repeat kinase 2) [NCBI Gene 120892] {aka AURA17, DARDARIN, PARK8, RIPK7, ROCO2}
- **Diseases:** neurodegenerative (MESH:D019636), AI (MESH:C538142), mitochondrial (MESH:D028361), hemorrhage (MESH:D006470), autonomic dysfunction (MESH:D001342), nausea (MESH:D009325), dopaminergic (MESH:D009422), hallucinations (MESH:D006212), abnormal truncal posture (MESH:D001259), cognitive impairment (MESH:D003072), gastrointestinal abnormalities (MESH:D005767), bacterial overgrowth (MESH:D001765), rigidity (MESH:D009127), resting tremors (MESH:D014202), loss of arm swing (MESH:D001134), rapid eye movement sleep disorder (MESH:D020187), sleep disorders (MESH:D012893), FOG (MESH:D020234), speech impairment (MESH:D013064), Bradykinesia (MESH:D018476), dyskinesia (MESH:D004409), inflammation (MESH:D007249), gait abnormality (MESH:D020233), infection (MESH:D007239), neurological diseases (MESH:D020271), Parkinson's (MESH:D010300), akinesia (MESH:C537921), neurological deficits (MESH:D009461), dementia (MESH:D003704), depression (MESH:D003866), complications (MESH:D008107), Parkinson (MESH:D010302), loss of or decreased smell (MESH:D000086582), Helicobacter pylori infection (MESH:D016481), Gastroparesis (MESH:D018589), white matter loss (MESH:D056784), death (MESH:D003643)
- **Chemicals:** Carbidopa (MESH:D002230), L-DOPA (MESH:D007980), Chemicals (-), ATP (MESH:D000255), iron (MESH:D007501), levodopa-carbidopa (MESH:C009265), paraquat (MESH:D010269), dopamine (MESH:D004298), rotenone (MESH:D012402), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MESH:D015632), Apomorphine (MESH:D001058), lipid (MESH:D008055), acetylcholine (MESH:D000109), neuromelanin (MESH:C014121), ROS (MESH:D017382), entacapone (MESH:C071192), morphine (MESH:D009020)
- **Species:** Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Helicobacter pylori (species) [taxon 210]

## Full text

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## References

73 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12320191/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12320191