# Gene Regulatory Changes Associated With Phenological Transitions in an Ecologically Significant Tree Species

## TL;DR

This study explores how genes and environment interact to control when oak trees start to leaf out in spring, revealing key genes involved in this process.

## Contribution

Identifies conserved genetic pathways in red oak related to phenology and environmental responsiveness.

## Key findings

- Leaf-out timing in red oak is influenced by both genetic factors and environmental conditions like temperature and photoperiod.
- Key genes involved in dormancy break and photoperiod sensitivity were identified, including orthologs from other tree species.
- Modules linked to temperature and photoperiod overlap with dormancy break pathways, indicating shared regulatory networks.

## Abstract

Climate change is driving earlier spring leaf‐out across temperate regions, but the genetic mechanisms and environmental interactions underlying this variability are poorly understood. We conducted a controlled growth chamber experiment using excised northern red oak (
Quercus rubra
) branches, testing the influence of temperature and photoperiod on leaf development. Two genotypes of red oak were exposed to four different warming and daylength treatments, and gene expression was analyzed across stages of bud development. Results revealed significant phenotypic differences between genotypes and across treatments, confirming that leaf‐out timing is both genetically determined and environmentally responsive. Our analysis identified several key genes involved in dormancy break and photoperiod sensitivity, including orthologs to genes identified in Populus species, suggesting conserved pathways across tree species. These genes were differentially expressed in response to environmental factors, highlighting the polygenic nature of phenological timing. Notably, modules associated with temperature and photoperiod showed overlap with dormancy break pathways, indicating shared regulatory networks. This study provides a foundational dataset for understanding phenology in red oak and offers insights into how genetic and environmental factors shape leaf development in temperate trees, setting the stage for further functional genomic research.

Climate change is driving earlier spring leaf‐out across temperate regions, but the genetic mechanisms and environmental interactions underlying this variability are poorly understood. We conducted a controlled growth chamber experiment using excised northern red oak (Quercus rubra) branches, testing the influence of temperature and photoperiod on leaf development and gene expression. Our analysis identified several key genes involved in dormancy break and photoperiod sensitivity, including orthologs to genes identified in Populus species, suggesting conserved pathways across tree species. This study provides a foundational dataset for understanding phenology in red oak and offers insights into how genetic and environmental factors shape leaf development in temperate trees, setting the stage for further functional genomic research.