# Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus infection in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; a population-based study

## TL;DR

This study found that 8% of people in Zakho City, Iraq, had evidence of past hepatitis B virus infection, with higher rates in older adults and men, highlighting the need for targeted screening and vaccination.

## Contribution

The study provides new prevalence data and identifies risk factors for HBV in Zakho City, emphasizing the importance of age and gender in infection rates.

## Key findings

- 8% of participants tested positive for past HBV infection, with 1% being chronic carriers.
- Older age and male gender were significantly associated with HBV positivity.
- The highest HBV prevalence (32.1%) was observed in participants aged ≥60 years.

## Abstract

•This study found an 8% hepatitis B virus (HBV) (hepatitis B core antibody-positive) rate and 1% chronic infection.•HBV positivity was significantly associated with older age and male gender.•Prevalence peaked at 32.1% in those aged ≥60.•Highlight need for targeted HBV screening and vaccination efforts.

This study found an 8% hepatitis B virus (HBV) (hepatitis B core antibody-positive) rate and 1% chronic infection.

HBV positivity was significantly associated with older age and male gender.

Prevalence peaked at 32.1% in those aged ≥60.

Highlight need for targeted HBV screening and vaccination efforts.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in developing countries. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, chronic HBV infection continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of HBV infection in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 26 February 2025 in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, using a multistage random sampling method. Data were collected from 386 participants through structured face-to-face interviews and serological testing for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis B core immunoglobulin G antibody (HBcAb) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The overall HBV positivity rate (HBcAb-positive) was 8%, with 7% indicating past infection (HBcAb-positive, HBsAg-negative) and 1% indicating chronic infection (HBcAb-positive and HBsAg-positive). In the multivariate analysis, HBV positivity was significantly associated with older age (P = 0.001) and male gender (P = 0.026). The highest prevalence (32.1%) was observed among participants aged ≥ 60 years.

The findings demonstrate a moderate prevalence of past HBV infection and a relatively low rate of chronic carriers in Zakho city. Older age and male gender were significant predictors of HBV positivity. These results underscore the importance of continued public health efforts in HBV screening, early detection, and vaccination, particularly targeting older and at-risk populations.