# Emission-Responsive Charging of Electric Cars and Carsharing to Improve the Security of Electricity Supply for Switzerland

## TL;DR

This paper explores how electric car charging and carsharing can affect electricity supply and emissions in Switzerland.

## Contribution

The study introduces an hourly charging behavior optimization model using real carsharing data for Switzerland.

## Key findings

- Price-responsive charging reduces costs by 27%, while emission-responsive charging cuts CO2 emissions by 82%.
- A dynamic carbon tariff could make emission-responsive charging economically viable with a carbon price of EUR 0.3/kg CO2-equivalent.
- Switching to electric vehicles by 2050 in Switzerland requires an additional 1.0-1.3 TWh energy capacity for shared and private e-mobility.

## Abstract

The simultaneous
adoption of battery electric vehicles
and switching
from privately owned cars to carsharing substantially impacts the
release of greenhouse gas emissions, mobility costs and the security
of electricity supply. An integrated hourly charging behavior optimization
model for charging costs or emissions relying on a large carsharing
reservation database is showcased for Switzerland, revealing a strong
trade-off between electricity prices and CO2 emissions.
Price-responsive electric charging reduces charging costs by 27% compared
to emission-responsive charging, which reduces e-mobility-related
CO2 emissions by 82%. Introducing a dynamic carbon tariff
could make emission-responsive charging economically rational, resulting
in an average carbon price of EUR 0.3/kg CO2-equivalent.
Although carsharing hinders battery charging at times of low emissions
and requires increased overnight charging, carsharing only leads to
minimal differences in operational costs or charging emissions compared
to privately owned cars. However, a large-scale shift to battery electric
vehicles requires energy system adjustments to meet the additional
electricity needs from e-mobility. For complete electrification of
private cars by 2050 in Switzerland, an additional curtailment, storage
or import capacity of 1.3 TWh for the most critical winter month is
required for individual car ownership and an additional 1.0 TWh for
shared e-mobility.