# Electronic selection of viable Legionella cells by a video-based, quantifiable dielectrophoresis approach

## TL;DR

This paper presents a new method using dielectrophoresis and video analysis to distinguish viable Legionella bacteria from dead or non-pathogenic cells, improving detection accuracy and speed.

## Contribution

A novel automated video-based approach for quantifying dielectrophoretic responses to select viable Legionella cells.

## Key findings

- A response coefficient was developed to quantify dielectrophoretic effects for cell separation.
- A narrow window for successful separation of viable Legionella cells from L. parisiensis was identified.
- The method is applicable to Legionella pneumophila and can be adapted to other cell types.

## Abstract

The accurate selection of living from dead pathogenic cells is crucial as exemplified in the context of detecting Legionella bacteria, which can be present in various water facilities and pose a threat to public health by causing severe respiratory problems. Traditional methods for Legionella detection, such as cultivation, are time-consuming, taking several days to yield valid results. Additionally, widely used bioanalytical methods like PCR lack the ability to distinguish between living and dead cells, leading to the potential for false-positive results. While dielectrophoresis has been proposed as a promising method for separating living and dead cells, our study contrasts with existing literature, revealing that the separation process and parameter characterization are non-trivial. In response to this challenge, our work introduces a novel, systematic approach of automated video analysis capable of quantifying the dielectrophoretic response of cells. By assigning a response coefficient to the dielectrophoretic effect at different conditions, our method identifies a narrow window for successful cell selection of viable Legionella cells from the non-pathogenic species L. parisiensis utilizing a microfluidic flow cell with top–bottom electrodes. These findings serve as a crucial pre-step in Legionella sensing, demonstrating applicability in experiments focused on the most relevant pathogenic species, L. pneumophila. Moreover, our method can be transferred to other cell types for quantitative detection of the dielectrophoretic response and identify optimal separation parameters.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10544-025-00762-1.