# The COVID-19 Pandemic Economic Implications in Iran: A National Survey Assessing Catastrophic Health Expenditures

## TL;DR

This study found that the COVID-19 pandemic caused significant financial strain on Iranian households, with health insurance and access to care playing key roles in reducing catastrophic costs.

## Contribution

The study quantifies the financial impact of the pandemic on Iranian households and evaluates the role of health insurance and resource availability in mitigating costs.

## Key findings

- Catastrophic costs were 3.19% with coping strategies and 5.38% without.
- Inpatient and outpatient services increased the risk of catastrophic costs.
- Provinces like Sistan and Baluchistan had higher catastrophic cost probabilities than Tehran.

## Abstract

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic caused many financial crises in households worldwide. This study aimed to quantify the COVID-19-related catastrophic costs (CCC) in Iran during the pandemic.

Methods: In this national survey, a total of 2006 households from 10 provinces of Iran were selected using a multistage random cluster sampling. The data were collected on COVID-19 prevention, inpatient, outpatient, and income loss costs, and the household income and wealth information using a validated researcher-constructed questionnaire in 2022. We calculated the probability of the CCC with and without coping strategies. We analyzed data using logistic regression models and estimated the CCC for other provinces using the 2021 Household Income and Expenditures Survey.

Results: The CCC was 3.19% with coping strategies and 5.38% without coping strategies. The CCC positively correlated with the COVID-19 inpatient (β = 2.324, 95% CI [1.65 to 2.997]) and outpatient (β = 1.797, 95% CI [1.165 to 2.430]) service utilization. Access to the basic (β = −0.687, 95% CI [−1.248 to −0.109]) and complementary (β = −1.201, 95% CI [−2.612 to 0.210]) health insurance decreased the risk of the CCC. The highest and lowest probabilities of estimated CCC were observed in Sistan and Baluchistan (8.57%) and Tehran (2.1%) provinces, respectively.

Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic imposed an additional financial burden on households. The pandemic provided important lessons for health policymakers about the effectiveness of the health financing protection system during the crisis and the scarcity of health resources. Supply and demand of services are unbalanced in the outbreaks, and insurance systems might fall into failure due to the shortage of services, black markets, and price inflation.