# Neutralizing antibody response to Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.5 in children and adolescents following the two-dose CoronaVac protocol (Immunita-002, Brazil): a 12-month longitudinal study

## TL;DR

This study shows that the CoronaVac vaccine induces strong and lasting neutralizing antibodies in children and adolescents against Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.5 for up to one year.

## Contribution

The study provides new longitudinal data on the immune response to CoronaVac in younger populations against Omicron subvariants.

## Key findings

- Neutralizing antibody titers increased significantly in both seronegative and seropositive children and adolescents after two doses of CoronaVac.
- Seroconversion rates for BA.5 rose to over 90% in children and adolescents one month post-vaccination and remained high for 12 months.
- No significant difference in neutralization was observed between BA.1 and BA.5 post-vaccination, suggesting similar effectiveness against both subvariants.

## Abstract

The covid-19 pandemic prompted an unprecedented global effort to develop and deploy vaccines, including CoronaVac, an inactivated virus-based vaccine. While these vaccines effectively reduced severe cases and hospitalizations, limited data exists on their immunogenicity in younger populations, particularly children and adolescents. Understanding the immune response in these groups is essential to guide vaccination strategies and assess protection against emerging variants of concern, such as Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.5. This study evaluated the neutralizing antibody response in children and adolescents aged 3–17 years over 12 months following the two-dose CoronaVac protocol in Brazil.

A cohort of 108 children (3–11 years) and adolescents (12–17 years) from Serrana, Brazil, received two doses of CoronaVac. Peripheral blood samples were collected at baseline, and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the second dose. Participants were stratified by serostatus prior to vaccination. Neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 were assessed using microneutralization assays.

Neutralizing antibody titers increased significantly after vaccination in both seronegative and seropositive individuals. For seronegative participants, seroconversion rates for BA.5 rose from 16.6% pre-vaccination to 93.3% one month after the second dose in children, and from 50% to 92% in adolescents, with sustained levels for 12 months. Seropositive participants also showed enhanced antibody titers, particularly against BA.5. No significant differences in neutralization between BA.1 and BA.5 were observed post-vaccination, contrary to prior literature, suggesting uniform effectiveness against these subvariants.

This study demonstrates that CoronaVac significantly enhances and sustains neutralizing antibody titers in children and adolescents for up to one year, including against immune-evading subvariants like BA.5. The robust response highlights the vaccine’s potential as a critical tool for reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission and preventing severe disease, particularly in regions with limited access to updated vaccines. Further studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate these findings and inform vaccination strategies for immunoresistant variants.