# Prevalence and Correlates of Clinical Nephropathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes at Abia State Specialist Hospital and Diagnostic Center, Umuahia, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

## TL;DR

This study finds a high rate of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes patients in Nigeria and identifies key risk factors for early detection and management.

## Contribution

The study provides region-specific data on diabetic nephropathy prevalence and correlates in a resource-limited Nigerian setting.

## Key findings

- Clinical nephropathy prevalence was 30.20% among type 2 diabetes patients.
- Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and renal parameters significantly correlate with nephropathy.
- Microalbuminuria was present in 61.18% of patients, indicating early kidney damage.

## Abstract

Background

Clinical nephropathy is a prevalent and serious microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), contributing substantially to increased morbidity and mortality among affected individuals. It often progresses insidiously, leading to end-stage renal disease if not promptly detected and managed. Despite its growing public health importance, there is a paucity of region-specific data on the prevalence and correlates of clinical nephropathy in patients with T2DM, particularly in resource-limited settings. In regions such as Abia State, Nigeria, limited research has been conducted to determine the burden of diabetic nephropathy and its clinical correlates. Understanding the local epidemiology of this complication is essential for guiding early detection strategies, optimizing management, and improving patient outcomes.

Objective

This study investigates the prevalence and correlates of clinical nephropathy among patients with type 2 diabetes at Abia State Specialist Hospital and Diagnostic Center, Nigeria, to inform strategies for improving early detection and management of diabetic nephropathy complications.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study design was employed at the Abia State Specialist Hospital and Diagnostic Center outpatient clinic. The sample size (n = 255) was calculated using the Cochran formula, considering a known prevalence of nephropathy in patients with T2DM in Nigeria. Data were collected through structured interviews, clinical examinations, and laboratory procedures, and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).

Results

Clinical information indicated a high prevalence of clinical nephropathy (77, 30.20%). Lifestyle factors reflected low tobacco use (25, 9.80%) and alcohol consumption (32, 12.55%), with frequent engagement in physical activity (87, 34.12%). Access to healthcare revealed barriers (174, 68.24%) and limited knowledge of diabetic kidney disease (77, 30.20%). Anthropometric indices and blood pressure showed significant differences between groups (P < 0.05), with diabetic patients with nephropathy exhibiting higher values. Renal indices also displayed significant differences (P < 0.05), indicating renal dysfunction among diabetic patients with nephropathy. The prevalence of albuminuria was notable (microalbuminuria: 156, 61.18%). The staging of clinical nephropathy revealed varying severity levels.

Conclusions

The clinical nephropathy prevalence among patients with T2DM at Abia State Specialist Hospital and Diagnostic Center, Umuahia, Nigeria, is substantial. Factors such as anthropometric indices, blood pressure, renal parameters, glycemic control, and lipid profiles significantly correlate with the presence of nephropathy. These findings underscore the importance of early detection and management strategies to mitigate diabetic nephropathy complications