# Design of Clofazimine-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles Using Smart Pharmaceutical Technology Approaches

## TL;DR

This paper describes a new method to design lipid nanoparticles loaded with clofazimine to improve its antimicrobial delivery and reduce side effects.

## Contribution

The novel use of AI and Neurofuzzy Logic to optimize clofazimine-loaded nanoparticle formulations is presented.

## Key findings

- CFZ-loaded NLCs with small size and high antimicrobial payload were successfully developed.
- Neurofuzzy Logic helped understand interactions between NLC components and homogenization conditions.
- The formulations showed suitable biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity against S. aureus.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Clofazimine (CFZ) is a versatile antimicrobial active against several bacterial species, although its reduced aqueous solubility and the occurrence of side effects limit its use. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) constitute an interesting approach to increase drug bioavailability and safety. However, the development of nanoparticle-based formulations is challenging. In the present work, a combination of smart pharmaceutical technology approaches was proposed to develop CFZ-loaded NLCs, taking advantage of previous knowledge on NLCs screening. Methods: A design space previously established using Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools was applied to develop CFZ-loaded NLC formulations. After formulation characterization, Neurofuzzy Logic (NFL) and in silico docking simulations were employed to enhance the understanding of lipid nanocarriers. Then, the performance of formulations designed following NFL guidelines was characterized in terms of biocompatibility, using murine fibroblasts, and antimicrobial activity against several strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Results: The followed approach enabled CFZ-loaded NLC formulations with optimal properties, including small size and high antimicrobial payload. NFL was useful to investigate the existing interactions between NLC components and homogenization conditions, that influence CFZ-loaded NLCs’ final properties. Also, in silico docking simulations were successfully applied to examine interactions and affinity between the drug and the lipid matrix components. Finally, the designed CFZ-loaded formulations demonstrated suitable biocompatibility, together with antimicrobial activity. Conclusions: The implementation of smart strategies during nanoparticle-based therapeutics development, such as those described in this manuscript, would enable the more efficient design of new systems for suitable antimicrobial delivery.